Drugs & Side Effects (2026)

07/01/2026

ARTIFICIAL TEARS: Systane, Isopto Tears, various other brand and generic products

Class: Ocular Lubricant
Dosage Forms. Various ophthalmic solution formulations available. Individual products generally contain various combinations of water, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and other lubricants (eg, dextrans, cellulose compounds, etc).

Self-Monitoring Parameters. Decreased symptoms and sensation of dry eyes. If adverse effects occur, discontinue use and report concern to HCP. Contact HCP if changes in vision, eye pain, continued redness or irritation occur, or if the condition worsens for >72 h.
Key Patient Counseling Points. Patients should be instructed on the appropriate administration technique as it is estimated that >50% of patients have inappropriate administration technique. To avoid contamination, do not touch tip of container to any surface. Replace cap after using. Do not use if solution is cloudy or changes color. Patients using preservative-free products should be advised to discard unused portions of unit-dose packages. Preservative-free products should be recommended for patients on multiple eye drops. Some products contain preservatives such as benzalkonium, which may produce adverse reactions in some patients, but can extend the dosing interval. Contact lens wearers should avoid products containing preservatives.

04/01/2026

Parenteral routes of adminstration

31/12/2025

A dry, persistent cough is a common side effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, occurring in approximately 5% to 35% of patients.

Characteristics of the Cough
1. Nature: Typically described as a dry, tickling, non-productive "hacking" sensation in the throat.
2. Onset: Can begin within hours of the first dose or be delayed by weeks or even months.
3. Commonality: It is a "class effect," meaning it can occur with any ACE inhibitor (e.g., Lisinopril, Ramipril, Enalapril).
4. Risk Factors: More prevalent in women, non-smokers, and people of East Asian descent.

Drugs associated with dry cough: Lisinopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Quinapril, Perindopril, Captopril, Fosinopril, Moexipril, and Trandolapril

Management: Discontinue except in mild tolerale cough

31/12/2025

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare but life-threatening emergency, most often occurring as a severe hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. It is characterized by widespread skin death, resulting in painful blisters and extensive peeling.
Common Culprit Medications
While many drugs can trigger SJS, the most frequent causes include:
1. Antibiotics: Especially sulfa drugs.
2. Anticonvulsants: Such as lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and phenytoin.
3. Pain Relievers: NSAIDs like ibuprofen (Motrin/Advil) and, rarely, acetaminophen (Tylenol).
4. Gout Treatment: Allopurinol is a leading cause.

31/12/2025

Drug-induced urticaria (hives) are itchy skin welts caused by medications, often triggered by antibiotics (like penicillin), painkillers (NSAIDs), or vaccines, occurring within minutes to days of exposure.

Common culprits include penicillins, aspirin, ibuprofen, and opioids, with reactions ranging from mild itching to severe anaphylaxis, requiring prompt diagnosis, discontinuing the drug, and antihistamines or emergency care for severe cases.

16/08/2025

Acral erythema (hand-foot skin syndrome) can be caused by chemotherapy agents including:

1. Bleomycin
2. Capecitabine
3. Cisplatin
4. Cyclophosphamide
5. Cytarabine
6. Daunorubicin
7. Docetaxel
8. Doxifluridine
9. Doxorubicin (particularly pegylated liposomal doxorubicin)
10. Etoposide
11. Fludarabine
12. Fluorouracil (infusional regimens)
13. Gemcitabine

Treatment: drug interruption or dose modification, depending on the severity of the reaction, in combination with topical corticosteroids

08/05/2024

Acral erythema (hand-foot skin syndrome) can be caused by chemotherapy agents including:

1. Bleomycin
2. Capecitabine
3. Cisplatin
4. Cyclophosphamide
5. Cytarabine
6. Daunorubicin
7. Docetaxel
8. Doxifluridine
9. Doxorubicin (particularly pegylated liposomal doxorubicin)
10. Etoposide
11. Fludarabine
12. Fluorouracil (infusional regimens)
13. Gemcitabine

Treatment: drug interruption or dose modification, depending on the severity of the reaction, in combination with topical corticosteroids

03/02/2024

Sildenafil/Viagra:

Erectile dysfunction:

Dose: 50 mg once daily as needed 1 hour before sexual activity; may be taken up to 4 hours before sexual activity. Reduce to 25 mg once daily if side effects occur.
Maximum dose: 100 mg once daily if there is incomplete response.

Caution: avoid concurrent use of other nitrates, Alpha1-Blockers, alcohol, and alprostadil

14/01/2024

Reye's syndrome (RS):

A rare adverse effect of Aspirin in children that affects all organs of the body but is most harmful to the brain and the liver—causing an acute increase of pressure within the brain and, often, massive accumulations of fat in the liver and other organs.

22/10/2023

Chloramphenicol: Gray baby syndrome

Gray baby syndrome is an adverse reaction to chloramphenicol that is characterized by abdominal distention, hemodynamic collapse, and ashen-gray skin discoloration in newborns/neonates.

The syndrome is a result of chloramphenicol impairing myocardial contractility by directly interfering with myocardial tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.

Drugs & Side Effects

07/01/2026

04/01/2026

31/12/2025

31/12/2025

31/12/2025

16/08/2025

08/05/2024

03/02/2024

14/01/2024

22/10/2023

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