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General knowledge of medical., Hai Duong (2026)

31/08/2024

Fetal Growth Restriction (part 1)
1. What is fetal growth restriction(FGR)
- Fetal growth restriction is a condition in which an unborn baby (fetus) is smaller than expected for the number of weeks of pregnancy (gestational age). It is often described as an estimated weight less than the 10th percentile. This means the baby weighs less than 9 out of 10 babies of the same gestational age. Newborn babies with FGR may be called “small for gestational age”.
- FGR can begin at any time during pregnancy. With FGR, the baby does not grow well. FGR may affect the overall size of the baby and the growth of organs, tissues, and cells. This can cause many problems. But many small newborns may just be small. They may not have any problems.
2. What causes FGR?
- Many things increase the risk for FGR. These include problems with the placenta or umbilical cord. The placenta may not attach well. Or the blood flow through the umbilical cord may be limited. Factors in both the mother and the baby may cause FGR.
- Factors in the mother that can cause FGR include:
+ High blood pressure or other heart and blood vessel disease.
+ Diabetes
+ Too few red blood cells (anemia)
+ Long-term lung or kidney conditions
+ Autoimmune conditions such as lupus
+ Deficient weight
+ A large amount of excess weight (obese)
+ Poor nutrition or weight gain
+ Alcohol or drug use
+ Cigarette smoking
- Factors in the baby that can cause FGR include:
+ Being one of the twin or triplets
+ Inflections
+ Birth defects, such as heart defects,...
+ Problem with genes or chromosomes.
3.What are the symtoms of FGR?
- A pregnant woman doesn't have symptoms of FGR. But a baby with FGR may have certain signs after birth, such as:
+ Low birth weight
+ Low blood sugar level
+ Lower body temperature
+ High level of red blood cells
+ Trouble fighting infections.

16/01/2022

Tuberculosis (TB) Vaccines
- TB Vaccine (BCG)
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis disease. This vaccine is not widely used in the United States, but it is often given to infants and small children in other countries where TB is common. BCG does not always protect people from getting TB.
- BCG recommendations: In the United States, BCG should be considered for only very select who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. Health care providers who are considering BCG vaccination for their patients are encouraged to discuss this intervention with the TB control program in their area.
- Children: BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who
+ are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease, and the child cannot be given long-term primary treatment for TB infection, or
+ Have TB disease caused by strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin
- Health Care Workers: BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in a setting in which
+ a high percentage of TB patients are infected with TB strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin;
+ there is ongoing transmission of drug-resistant TB strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely, or
+ comprehension TB infection-control precautions have been implemented, but have not been successful.
Health care workers considered for BCG vaccination should be counseled regarding the risks and benefits associated with both BCG vaccination and treatment of latent TB infection.
- Testing for TB in BCG-vaccinated people
Many people born outside of the United States have been BCG-vaccinated.
People who were previously vaccinated with BCG may receive a TB skin test for TB infection. Vaccination with BCG may cause a positive reaction to a TB skin test. A positive reaction to a TB skin test may be due to the BCG vaccine itself or due to infection with TB bacteria.
- TB blood tests, unlike the TB skin test, are not affected by prior BCG vaccination and are not expected to give a false-positive result in people who have received BCG.
For children under the age of five, the skin test is preferred over TB blood tests. A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only tells that a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection or has progressed to TB disease. Other tests, such as a chest x-ray and a sample of sputum, are needed to see whether the person has TB disease.

24/09/2021

WHY ARE BABIES BORN EARLY?
Most babies are born healthy at or near their due date. Sometimes, though, babies are born early and might have health problems.
Babies born before 37 weeks are premature. Premature birth is more likely to happen when a mother has a health problem like diabetes- or does harmful things during her pregnancy like smoke or drink. If she lives with a lot of stress, that also can make her baby be born too early.
Many things can cause a baby to be born early or with health problems. Some of these things can be controlled, but others can't.
Here's what you can do to have a healthy pregnancy. During pregnancy, help your baby grow strong and healthy. Be sure to:
- Start prenatal care as soon as you think you're pregnant. Prenatal care is the health care that you get during pregnancy. All pregnant women should see a health care professional as soon as they think they're pregnant and should plan regular prenatal visits throughout pregnancy.
- Get health problems treated. It's best to have any health problems(like diabetes. Depression, or high blood pressure) under control before becoming pregnant. But if you don't, talk to your doctor right away about a treatment plan.
- Eat a healthy diet. It's important to eat a variety of healthy foods before and during pregnancy. Take a prenatal vitamin to be sure you're getting enough folic acid, iron, and other important nutrients.
- Gain the right amount of weight. How much weight you should gain depends on how much you weighed before you were pregnant. Most women who are at a healthy weight should gain about 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. Overweight women should probably gain less.
- Don't smoke, drink alcohol, or take illegal drugs. Staying away from to***co, alcohol, and drugs can help you and your baby avoid many serious health problems, like fetal alcohol syndrome and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). If you do any of these things, get help to quit.
- Wait at least 12 months between pregnancies.
Increasing the time between pregnancies may lower the chances of preterm birth, especially if you had a premature baby before.
+ Things you can't control during pregnancy
Some things that may increase the chances of premature birth are out of your control. This doesn't mean that your baby will be born sick or too early. Remember, most babies are born healthy.
Here are some things you can't control during pregnancy :
- Your age: Mothers who are 17 or younger or 35 or older are more likely to have a premature baby. Teen moms are more likely to get high blood pressure during pregnancy and less likely to get the health care they need. Older women are more likely to have health problems before they get pregnant.
- The number of babies: The chances of having a premature baby go up if the mother is pregnant with twins, triplets, or more. More than half of all twins are born early.
- Your health: Moms with problems like diabetes, depression, or high blood pressure may need to see their health care professional more often to keep these conditions under control.
- Problems with an earlier pregnancy: A woman who has had a previous early delivery, or a baby born with health problems or a birth defect, is more likely to have problems in future pregnancies too.
- Other factors: It's not clear why, but black women are more likely to have premature babies than white and Hispanic women.
If you are pregnant or are planning to be, talk with your health care professional. Women who get regular prenatal care are more likely to have a healthier pregnancy and baby.

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