07/07/2026
Learn about Frozen Shoulder!
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition that causes pain, stiffness, and reduced movement in the shoulder joint. It typically develops gradually and can make everyday activities such as reaching overhead, dressing, or lifting objects difficult. Frozen shoulder most commonly affects adults between the ages of 40 and 60 and is more common in women. It is also more likely to occur in people with diabetes, following a shoulder injury or surgery, or after a period of prolonged shoulder immobilisation.
Frozen shoulder occurs when the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint becomes inflamed, thickened, and tight, leading to the formation of scar tissue that restricts movement. The exact cause is not always known, but risk factors include diabetes, thyroid disorders, prolonged inactivity after injury or surgery, and previous shoulder conditions. The condition typically progresses through four stages: the pre-freezing stage, where shoulder pain begins but movement is only mildly affected; the freezing stage, where pain increases and shoulder stiffness gradually worsens; the frozen stage, where pain often settles but stiffness is at its greatest and movement is significantly restricted; and the thawing stage, during which shoulder mobility slowly improves and function gradually returns. Recovery can take several months to up to two years.
Management focuses on reducing pain, restoring shoulder mobility, and improving function. Physiotherapy plays an important role through gentle stretching, range of motion exercises, strengthening programs, and manual therapy to improve joint mobility and restore normal movement. Education about activity modification and maintaining shoulder movement within comfortable limits is also important. Other management strategies may include pain-relieving medications, anti-inflammatory medication, corticosteroid injections, and, in persistent cases, procedures such as hydrodilatation or surgery. Early assessment and appropriate treatment can help improve recovery, reduce pain, and restore shoulder function.