22/08/2026
If you have commissioned a ghostwriter or artist to create on your behalf, this post is for you. Attribution is an important subject that is so often overlooked.
So imagine you have created a book that needs beautiful illustrations, or you want to design a deck of Tarot cards but need an artist who can create unique typography, or perhaps you need a ghostwriter to write your book
Once you've selected the creative you are going to work with, there will be many aspects of your working relationship you need to discuss and put in writing upfront.
Beyond showing they are an honest human being with integrity, the commissioner (as they will be known from this point onwards) needs to understand that proper attribution helps protect both sides from Copyright theft or legal trouble down the track.
The bottom line to remember in your dealings with creative professionals is that the originator of any works deserves credit, and their works are protected by Law (even if it's your 'idea' in the first place). The creatives you choose to work with are helping to bring your vision to life with their expertise.
When you enter into a Ghostwriting /Creative Agreement, you MUST discuss and sign off on the subject of ‘Attribution’ before the work begins.
So - what the hell is ‘Attribution’? I hear you cry. Well, if we look to the dictionary for a definition as it relates to writing, we can see:
✍️📖📕👓
Attribution (noun)
The action of regarding something as being caused by a person or thing. A relevant example of that would be: My book included an attribution to all those who edited the manuscript.
The action of ascribing a work or remark to a particular author, artist, or person:
✍️📖📕👓
In the case of a Ghostwriter Agreement, the ‘commissioner’ (that would be the person who wishes to hire the services of a creative) and the ghostwriter/designer or illustrator (from this point referred to as the creative)need to agree on the level of Attribution for authorship on the cover and title page of the works.
I’ll explain why this is important in a moment, but first consider Attribution as a sliding scale of credit (and associated cost/reimbursement).
LEVELS OF ATTRIBUTION FOR GHOSTWRITERS SPECIFICALLY
On the front cover of the book and the interior title page:
PROMINENT - LEVEL 1 - FULL ATTRIBUTION (equal) on cover and inside
Commissioner's name alongside Ghostwriter’s name
Josephine Blogs WITH Evie McRae
Commissioner's name alongside Ghostwriter’s name
Josephine Blogs AND Evie McRae
Commissioner's name. A memoir as told to Ghostwriter’s name – Josephine Blogs. A memoir AS TOLD TO Evie McRae - or
Commissioner's name. A memoir WRITTEN BY Ghostwriter’s name – Josephine Blogs. A memoir WRITTEN BY Evie McRae
This shows both parties credited equally on the front cover and the title page of the book.
✍️📖📕👓
DISCREET - LEVEL 2 PARTIAL ATTRIBUTION (partial)
Commissioner's name on front cover
Ghostwriter’s name inside on Title Page
The ghostwriter received acknowledgement and Attribution on the interior, front right page. Still highly visible but not as an equal creator of the works.
✍️📖📕👓
NO PUBLIC ATTRIBUTION - LEVEL 3 NO ATTRIBUTION (none)
The Commissioner assumes full credit, as if they wrote the book themselves.
The ghostwriter is paid to be anonymous and to not receive any Attribution in the book.
✍️📖📕👓
Even if you don't remember the different levels of Attribution, just keep in mind that the LESS visible the attribution, the more professional value the ghostwriter relinquishes. This is why Level 3 (complete anonymity) can legitimately attract a higher fee.
✍️📖📕👓
Fees vary between ghostwriters, and each ghostwriter will view attribution differently. If your ghostwriter is a well-known, award-winning writer or someone with decades of experience, and the commissioner has no writing credentials at all, you would expect the commissioner to pay a higher rate commensurate with the skills being attributed to them.
In actual fact, the commissioner would probably earn more sales by allowing the well-known ghostwriter’s name to appear alongside theirs in that scenario, but that is a matter for the two parties involved.
✍️📖📕👓
Generally speaking, the attribution fee works out as a percentage on top of the cost to write the book:
Level 2 Attribution - approx 10% fee
Level 3 Attribution - approx 15%-25% fee
For complete anonymity (Level 3), I would expect the fee to reflect that the original writer is potentially giving up three kinds of value: credit, future professional leverage, and continuing financial participation. These should each be negotiated individually and specifically - rather than bundled together under one “ghostwriting fee.”
✍️📖📕👓✍️📖📕👓✍️📖📕👓✍️📖📕👓
What happens if Attribution is not agreed up front?
In Australia, the original writer has an automatic moral right to attribution. Identification must ordinarily be clear and reasonably prominent.
AUSTRALIAN MORAL RIGHTS CAN'T BE TRANSFERRED OR SOLD. They remain with the original human creator even if/after copyright changes hands. This isn't just about the written content; it means the original work can't be edited, shortened, or rearranged in any way (without a consultation/signed off agreement process that includes the original writer).
https://www.artslaw.com.au/information-sheet/moral-rights
https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1968A00063/latest/text
Without an Attribution agreement, the parties may later disagree about whether:
- the writer should appear on the cover or inside the book
- complete anonymity was included in the original fee
- the commissioner may claim sole authorship
- the ghostwriter may openly state they wrote the book/use it in
promotions of their own work
- updates or revisions harm the writer’s reputation
- the publisher has a clean “chain of title”
- publication should be delayed until the dispute is resolved.
For the commissioner, the immediate commercial danger is a threatened injunction, delayed publication, additional legal costs or a last-minute demand for attribution or further payment.
OK - so if you are reading this and thinking WOW, I had no idea asking someone to create illustrations, music or a book for me was so complex, don't be scared off. It's just a matter of having this discussion early in the process and ensuring you both sign off on it. Forewarned is forearmed.
There's a common, yet mistaken, belief that if you pay someone to create something, you own it - because you paid for it, right? It doesn't work that way - and here's why. First of all, you are not paying the writer or illustrator for anything more than their time, the use of their skills and expertise, and the completion of a project.
✍️📖📕👓✍️📖📕👓✍️📖📕👓✍️📖📕👓
What is the ghostwriter potentially surrendering with Level 3 (No public Attribution)? Quite a lot, as it turns out ...
ECONOMIC COPYRIGHT
Right to reproduce their own writing or illustrations, publish, distribute, adapt, translate, serialise, record and sublicense the manuscript in agreed formats, territories and media.
PROFESSIONAL/REPUTATIONAL AND FINANCIAL VALUE
The ghostwriter may relinquish the visible byline, discoverability, public proof of authorship, portfolio value and career leverage the book might otherwise generate.
If the Attribution Agreement provides only a flat fee (i.e. 15%), the ghostwriter or illustrator may also surrender the opportunity to share in royalties* or other income the book generates from business opportunities.
*Anonymity and royalties are legally separate: an uncredited ghostwriter can still negotiate royalties, profit participation, or performance-based payments. This is the commercial basis for an anonymity or non-attribution premium.
What the ghostwriter or illustrator does not hand over is the historical fact that they wrote the words or created the artwork. A contract can regulate disclosure and attribution, but it can't change history or rewrite the original writer's role in the finished works.
So there you go - everything you never knew you needed to know about Attribution.