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Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution, non-invasive imaging technology widely used in human ophthalmol...
28/07/2026

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution, non-invasive imaging technology widely used in human ophthalmology. However, standard clinical OCT systems struggle with small laboratory animals such as mice. Differences in ocular axis length, pupil size and eye anatomy lead to blurry retinal images, limiting vision disease research.
To solve this challenge, we developed dedicated animal OCT platforms for preclinical ophthalmology research.
✅ Near-Infrared Animal OCT System
It delivers a 250 kHz scanning rate to minimize motion artifacts caused by mouse breathing and heartbeat. With an axial resolution of 2.3 μm, it supports stable large-field OCTA acquisition. Researchers can quantify retinal thickness, vessel density, diameter, tortuosity and fractal dimension for vascular studies.
✅ Dual-band VNOCT System
Equipped with visible & near-infrared light sources, achieving up to 1.4 μm axial resolution. It calculates arteriovenous oxygen saturation and blood flow parameters to evaluate retinal metabolism. Via ELSS spectrum analysis, the VN ratio enables earlier detection of glaucoma lesions than conventional techniques.
Our animal OCT systems support preclinical studies on glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular disorders. Contact us to learn more solutions for your animal vision research!

09/07/2026

Portable EEG Acquisition System
Wireless lightweight wearable design, connect your smartphone via Bluetooth for real-time brainwave data viewing. Monitor raw EEG waveforms and signal quality instantly anytime, anywhere.

18/06/2026

-M Multi-Channel Physiological Signal Acquisition System ✨
This video showcases the AR4-M system for continuous sleep monitoring in mouse sleep deprivation research.
✅ Wireless Sleep Monitoring: Compact recorder works with sleep deprivation apparatus, transmitting EEG/EMG data via Bluetooth to receiver/APP, with cloud storage for PC sleep staging analysis.✅ Unrestricted Natural State: Eliminates cable tangling and interference, letting mice move freely while monitoring sleep stages (W/NR/R) before, during and after deprivation.✅ Clear Data Visualization: Displays sleep spectrograms and stage distribution pie charts, making it easy to compare sleep patterns between control and sleep-deprived (SD) groups.
Ideal for sleep research, circadian rhythm studies and neuroscience experiments!

15/06/2026

Cynomolgus & Rhesus macaques with complete CITES

# Neural Circuit Applications (44): Summary of Viral Tools in NeuroscienceRecombinant viral tools are **indispensable i...
27/05/2026

# Neural Circuit Applications (44): Summary of Viral Tools in Neuroscience
Recombinant viral tools are **indispensable in modern neuroscience**, enabling cell-type-specific, circuit-selective, activity-dependent, and high spatiotemporal-resolution transgene expression. They underpin optogenetics, chemogenetics, calcium imaging, and neural circuit mapping.

# # # 1. Key Principles of Viral-Mediated Gene Delivery
- **Packaging & payload capacity**:
DNA viruses (AAV, HSV) support Cre/Flp-dependent systems; RNA viruses are rarely used for molecular logic.
Small payload (3.5–5 kb): AAV, rabies virus (RV).
Large payload (10+ kb): HSV, pseudorabies virus (PRV).
- **High titer**: Critical for efficient infection; AAV reaches 10¹⁴ particles/mL, engineered variants (e.g., PHP.eB) cross the blood–brain barrier.

# # # 2. Delivery Routes
- **Local injection**: Stereotaxic delivery for precise brain-region targeting.
AAV: infects cell bodies locally.
CAV/PRV: taken up by axon terminals for **retrograde transport**.
- **Systemic injection**: Intravenous administration for broad CNS infection, enhanced by focused ultrasound to locally open the blood–brain barrier.
- **Semi-systemic**: Intracerebroventricular or intrathecal injection into cerebrospinal fluid.

# # # 3. Viral Tropism (Cell-Type Targeting)
- Determined by **receptor binding** (AAV–AAVR, CAV–CAR) and serotype (e.g., AAV2 is highly neuron-specific).
- Targeting strategies:
Cell-type-specific promoters;
Cre/Flp/Dre-dependent systems (DIO/FLEX);
Pseudotyping (e.g., RV-EnvA only infects TVA-expressing cells).
- Limitation: Microglia remain hard to target; current tools favor neurons & glia.

# # # 4. Infectivity & Toxicity
- Ideal viruses: **high infectivity + minimal toxicity** (AAV, HSV, CAV, lentivirus).
- Replication-competent viruses (PRV, RV, HSV-H129): enable **multi-synaptic tracing** but are cytotoxic and short-lived in animals.

# # # 5. Expression Kinetics
- **HSV**: fast expression (peak ~12 h), short duration.
- **AAV**: slow onset (2–3 weeks to peak), stable long-term expression.
- Expression windows can be tuned via tamoxifen/Dox-inducible systems.

# # # 6. Major Applications
- **Cell-specific manipulation**: Optogenetics (ChR2), chemogenetics (DREADDs), calcium imaging (GCaMP).
- **Neural circuit tracing**:
Monosynaptic: CAV, RV.
Multisynaptic: PRV, HSV.
- **Gene function studies**: Overexpression, knockdown, or knockout of disease-related genes.

# # # Summary
Viral tools enable precise genetic access to neurons defined by genotype, projection, activity, or location. Ongoing engineering will further boost specificity and functionality, advancing both basic neuroscience and clinical gene therapy.

# Neural Circuit Applications (43): Sensory Wiring Diagram of Thalamocortical Circuits — SummaryThe thalamus serves as ...
26/05/2026

# Neural Circuit Applications (43): Sensory Wiring Diagram of Thalamocortical Circuits — Summary
The thalamus serves as a **central hub** relaying peripheral sensory information to the cortex. The development of thalamocortical (TC) projections is a core topic in systems neuroscience, as it underpins the formation of modality-specific sensory circuits (visual, somatosensory, auditory) and cortical functional specialization.

# # # 1. Thalamic Development & Nuclear Patterning
- The thalamus arises from the **p2 prosomere** of the diencephalon, patterned by morphogens (Shh, Wnt1, Fgf8).
- Progenitor domains:
Anterior (pTH-R): Generates GABAergic neurons.
Posterior (pTH-C): Generates glutamatergic cortex-projecting neurons (main sensory/association nuclei).
- Neurogenesis follows **outside-in, ventral-to-dorsal** gradients: early-born neurons form first-order (FO) nuclei; late-born neurons form higher-order (HO) nuclei.
- Nuclear identity is determined by **intrinsic transcriptional programs** plus **peripheral sensory input** (input deprivation causes FO nuclei to revert to HO-like states).

# # # 2. Spontaneous Thalamic Waves (Early Development)
- Onset at E12–E14: Synchronous calcium/electrical oscillations that coordinate TC circuit refinement.
- Functions: Align sensory input with cortical topography; guide axon growth and synaptic pruning; regulate cortical area size via transcription factor *Rorb*.
- These waves are critical for establishing sensory maps (e.g., barrel cortex) before birth.

# # # 3. Thalamocortical Axon (TCA) Navigation & Targeting
- Developmental trajectory: Cross diencephalon–telencephalon boundary (DTB) → internal capsule → pallial–subpallial boundary (PSPB) → **subplate (waiting period)** → cortical layer 4.
- Key molecular regulators: Netrin1, Neuregulin1, Reelin, Tbr1, Gbx2.
- The subplate acts as a transient “holding station” essential for correct laminar targeting.

# # # 4. Cortical Arealization & Functional Specialization
- Transcription factor gradients (Emx2, Pax6, COUP-TF1) set rough cortical regions.
- **Thalamic input dominates fine arealization**: distinguishes FO vs. HO subregions and specifies cortical neuron subtypes (e.g., spiny stellate cells in barrel cortex).

# # # 5. Modality-Specific Sensory Pathways
- Visual: dLG → primary visual cortex (V1)
- Auditory: MGv → primary auditory cortex (A1)
- Somatosensory: VPM → primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
- Early multi-modal circuits mature into modality-specific ones, with the superior colliculus controlling modal assignment.

# # # 6. Thalamocortical Plasticity
- **Intra-modal plasticity**: Critical-period, sensory-input–dependent refinement (e.g., eye dominance columns, whisker barrel maps) regulated by BDNF.
- **Cross-modal plasticity**: Sensory deprivation (vision/hearing) triggers rewiring *even embryonically*. Thalamic waves and ephrin signaling drive compensatory cortical reorganization (e.g., visual cortex recruited for somatosensation in blindness).

# # # 7. Conclusion
TC circuit formation arises from the **cooperation of genetic programs, spontaneous neural activity, molecular guidance cues, and sensory experience**. This framework explains sensory processing abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders and informs sensory rehabilitation and brain–machine interface design.

# Neural Circuit Applications (42): ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing) — SummaryChIP-seq is a high-thr...
25/05/2026

# Neural Circuit Applications (42): ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing) — Summary
ChIP-seq is a high-throughput technique for mapping **protein–DNA binding sites** (e.g., transcription factors, histone modifications). It is widely used to dissect epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that shape neural circuit development, plasticity, and function in specific neuron types or brain regions. Two protocols are used: **standard ChIP-seq** (E11.5–P0) and **microChIP-seq** (E10.5, for low cell numbers).

# # # 1. Preparations
- Use C57BL/6N (and C57BL/6NTac for E14.5/P0) mice; embryos are collected via timed mating at developmental stages E10.5–P0.
- Tissues are flash-frozen and stored at −80°C; at least **2 biological replicates** are prepared per stage.

# # # 2. Standard ChIP-seq (E11.5–P0, 8 histone modifications)
1. **Cross-linking**: Fix chromatin with formaldehyde.
2. **Lysis & sonication**: Extract nuclei; lyse and shear chromatin into **100–300 bp** fragments.
3. **Immunoprecipitation**: Pre-clear; incubate with target antibody; capture complexes with Protein A/G beads; wash to remove nonspecific binding.
4. **Elution & DNA purification**: Reverse cross-linking; digest protein/RNA; purify DNA via phenol–chloroform extraction.
5. **Library construction**: End repair, A-tailing, adapter ligation; size selection (200–300 bp); PCR amplification; QC (fragment size, concentration ≥2 nM).
6. **Sequencing**: Narrow peaks (H3K4me3, H3K27ac): ≥10 M usable reads; broad peaks (H3K27me3): ≥20 M usable reads (ENCODE standards).

# # # 3. MicroChIP-seq Optimization (E10.5, 6 histone modifications)
For low-input samples:
- Reaction volumes halved; low-binding tubes to minimize loss.
- Reduced antibody amount; 1 μm Protein A/G beads for higher efficiency.
- PCR cycles increased to 14–16.

# # # 4. Data Quality Control
- Unique mapping rate ≥90%.
- Signal-to-noise ratios: NSC ≥1.1, RSC ≥0.8.
- Reproducibility: Pearson correlation ≥0.8 (narrow peaks) / ≥0.6 (broad peaks).

# # # Key Application
ChIP-seq generates genome-wide maps of histone modifications (e.g., H3K4me3 at promoters, H3K27ac at enhancers) to reveal epigenetic regulation of neural circuits during development.

# Neural Circuit Applications (41): Central Neural Circuits Mediating Itch Sensation — Full SummaryItch is a critical s...
22/05/2026

# Neural Circuit Applications (41): Central Neural Circuits Mediating Itch Sensation — Full Summary
Itch is a critical somatosensory defense mechanism that triggers scratching to remove irritants. Chronic itch remains a clinical challenge, and understanding its central processing, coding, and regulation is essential for treating pathological itch and related emotional disorders.

# # # 1. Spinal Local Itch Circuits (Chemical vs. Mechanical Itch)
Chemical and mechanical itch are mediated by **largely separate but partially overlapping spinal circuits**, tightly controlled by inhibitory interneurons.
- **Chemical itch (histamine, chloroquine, cytokines)**
Core hub: **GRPR⁺ excitatory interneurons** in the superficial dorsal horn.
Upstream: Somatostatin (SST⁺) neurons and other excitatory inputs.
Inhibitory control: Galanin/dynorphin, NPY⁺ GABAergic, glycinergic, and Ptf1a⁺ neurons suppress GRPR⁺ activity; imbalance causes disinhibition and spontaneous itch.
- **Mechanical itch (gentle touch, friction)**
Independent of GRPR; mediated by **Calcrl⁺/Lbx1⁺ glutamatergic neurons** in laminae Ⅱ–Ⅲ.
Regulated by **NPY/NPY1R signaling**, which sets itch sensitivity thresholds.
- **Chronic itch spinal mechanism**
Excitability enhancement (Scn8a/Nav1.6 upregulation in UCN3⁺ neurons) + inhibition reduction (NPY1R downregulation) → spinal disinhibition → persistent itch.

# # # 2. Ascending Itch Pathways (Spine → Brain)
Itch signals are relayed from the spinal cord to the brain via the **parabrachial nucleus (PB)** and thalamus.
- **Chemical itch**: Spinal NK1R⁺ neurons → PB Foxp2⁺ neurons → thalamus → primary somatosensory cortex (S1).
- **Mechanical itch**: Spinal Calcrl⁺/Lbx1⁺ neurons → PB Foxp2⁺ neurons → thalamus → cortex.
The two pathways diverge at the spinal cord but converge at the parabrachial nucleus.

# # # 3. Brain Circuits for Itch Perception
Itch involves **sensory, emotional, and motivational components** processed by distinct brain networks.
- **Sensory coding**: S1 encodes location, intensity, and duration of itch.
- **Negative emotion (aversion/anxiety)**: Anterior insular cortex (aIC), prelimbic cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and lateral septum (LS) mediate distress and anxiety.
- **Scratching reward (addictive loop)**: VTA dopamine neurons project to NAc, generating pleasure that drives the itch–scratch cycle.

# # # 4. Descending Modulatory Pathways (Brain → Spinal Cord)
Brain regions regulate spinal itch processing via neurotransmitters and long-range projections.
- **Neuromodulators**:
Dopamine (A11) promotes chemical itch; norepinephrine (LC) inhibits itch; serotonin (RVM) enhances GRPR signaling.
- **Long-range inhibitory pathways**:
S1 → spinal cord (activates GABAergic neurons to suppress itch);
ACC → PAG → RVM (negative feedback to limit excessive scratching).

# # # 5. Summary & Perspectives
Current models reveal the parallel circuits for chemical/mechanical itch and the brain networks linking sensation, emotion, and reward. Future research should refine chronic itch models, validate mechanisms in non-human primates and humans, and explore cross-talk between itch and pain.

# Neural Circuit Applications (40): Auditory Stimulation-Evoked Responses in RodentsThis article introduces a standardi...
21/05/2026

# Neural Circuit Applications (40): Auditory Stimulation-Evoked Responses in Rodents
This article introduces a standardized experimental paradigm for studying **auditory stimulation-evoked neural and behavioral responses** in rodents. It combines in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, multi-modal sensory stimulation, behavioral monitoring, and auditory brainstem response (ABR) recording to investigate cross-modal sensory integration and plasticity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1, barrel field).

# # # Core Experimental Design
1. **Animal Preparation & Habituation**
Mice are head-fixed for stable imaging; they undergo 1 week of habituation to the setup and ambient noise of the two-photon microscope to reduce stress.

2. **Multi-Modal Stimulation Paradigm (6 Conditions)**
- **Tactile stimulation**: Whisker deflection via a stepper motor (1800°/s, full 360° rotation).
- **Auditory stimulation**: 300 ms band-limited noise bursts — N1 (8.5–10.5 kHz) and N2 (16.5–18.5 kHz), delivered 4.5 cm from the ear.
- **Audio-tactile combined stimulation**: Auditory cue followed by whisker stimulation after ~30 ms.
- **No-stimulation (NS) control**.
All stimuli are synchronized by an Arduino microcontroller (TTL trigger) for precise timing; low-noise stepper drivers avoid acoustic interference.

3. **Two Testing Protocols**
- **Unrewarded paradigm**: Pre-pairing probe test → 3-day pairing (W+N1, N2) → post-pairing probe test.
- **Rewarded paradigm**: Water-restricted mice are trained with water rewards; pairing continues for ≥2 weeks until anticipatory licking probability reaches 0.7, followed by post-pairing testing.

# # # Key Readouts
- **In vivo two-photon calcium imaging**: Records calcium activity (firing rate, response strength) of S1 barrel cortex neurons.
- **ABR recording**: Verifies consistent auditory responses at the cochlear and brainstem levels.
- **Behavioral monitoring**: Quantifies whisker movement and anticipatory licking.

# # # Purpose
This paradigm is used to examine the stability of cross-sensory input to the primary somatosensory cortex across experience, and to dissect neural circuit mechanisms underlying auditory, tactile, and multi-sensory integration.

20/05/2026

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