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12/11/2019

First s*xually transmitted confirmed in Spain

Spanish health authorities confirmed on Friday (Nov 9) a case of a man spreading dengue through s*x, a world first for a virus which until recently was thought to be transmitted only by mosquitoes.

The case concerns a 41-year-old man from Madrid who contracted dengue after having s*x with his male partner who picked up the virus from a mosquito bite during a trip to Cuba, said Susana Jimenez of the Madrid region's public health department.

His dengue infection was confirmed in September and it puzzled doctors because he had not travelled to a country where the disease, which causes severe flu-like symptoms such as high fever and body aches, is common, she added.

"His partner presented the same symptoms as him but lighter around ten days earlier, and he had previously visited Cuba and the Dominican Republic," Jimenez said.

"An analysis of their s***m was carried out and it revealed that not only did they have dengue but that it was exactly the same virus which circulates in Cuba."

A "likely" case of s*xual transmission of dengue between a man and a woman was the subject of a recent scientific article in South Korea, Jimenez said.

In an e-mail sent to AFP, the Stockholm-based European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), which monitors health and disease in Europe, said this was "to our knowledge, the first s*xual transmission of the dengue virus among men who have s*x with men".

According to the World Health Organization's website, dengue is transmitted mainly by the Aedes Aegypti mosquito, which thrives in densely-populated tropical climates and breeds in stagnant pools of water.

It is most serious - and deadly - in children, especially young girls though scientists do not know why.

Story Source: ChannelNewsAsia
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08/11/2019

Scientists 3D-Printed Living Skin, Complete With Blood Vessels

Researchers from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, claim to have 3D-printed skin that’s alive and has blood vessels.

The new technique could greatly accelerate the healing process for patients who require skin grafts, such as burn victims.

“Right now, whatever is available as a clinical product is more like a fancy Band-Aid,” lead researcher Pankaj Karande, a chemical engineering professor at the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, said in a statement. “It provides some accelerated wound healing, but eventually it just falls off; it never really integrates with the host cells.”

In a paper published in the journal Tissue Engineering Part A on Monday, the researchers detail how they added cells crucial to the development of blood vessels to animal collagen inside a complex network of 3D-printed tissues, which prompted the cells to form a vascular structure within weeks.

“We were pleasantly surprised to find that, once we start approaching [the complexity of recreating biology], biology takes over and starts getting closer and closer to what exists in nature,” Karande said.

Their 3D-printed skin even began to connect and communicate with a mouse’s blood vessels in an animal trial. But that doesn’t mean it’s ready for use on human patients on a clinical level just yet. Donor cells would have to be modified using gene-editing techniques such as CRISPR to stop the host’s body from rejecting the graft.

Still, it’s a clever solution that lets the body do what it does naturally — but with a little help up front.

Story Source: Futurism.com
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05/11/2019

Doctors Just Live streamed a Brain Surgery on Facebook, And The Patient Was Awake

American doctors performed surgery on a woman’s brain — while thousands of people watched on Facebook Live.

Jenna Schardt was the person under the knife — and in the spotlight — during the livestreamed brain surgery at Methodist Dallas Medical Center. She needed a mass of seizure-causing blood vessels removed from her brain, and when the hospital approached her about streaming the procedure via Facebook Live, she was more than willing.

“Jenna wanted to show the rest of the community if you have this problem you can fix it,” , the hospital’s chief of neurosurgery, told The Guardian. “She was a role model for us, and we supported her because of that.”

The stream didn’t show any of the bloody bits of the surgery, as that could have violated Facebook’s policy against streaming graphic content. But it did show Schardt awake in the middle of the procedure.

Thankfully, that wasn’t an accident caused by too little anesthesia — the surgeons needed their patient to be awake so they could ensure they didn’t disrupt any parts of her brain responsible for speech or movement.

“If we go into the wrong spot, that could cost her the ability to speak, so that’s why we have to map out the speech areas first before we go on,” Bartley Mitchell, Schardt’s neurosurgeon, told NBC News. “We have to physically map them out on the brain while she’s awake and talking to us.”

The Guardian noted that the 45-minute-long video racked up more than 45,000 views and 1,000 comments by the time it ended — and based on some of those comments, Schardt’s experience did help others, just as she had wanted.

Source: Futurism.com
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02/11/2019

Universal Flu Vaccine? New Antibody

A novel antibody protects mice against a wide range of lethal influenza viruses, according to a study that may lead to the development of a universal flu vaccine that protects against all flu strains.

The study, published in the journal Science, also suggests that the antibody could help develop a drug to treat and protect against severe cases of flu, including pandemics.

"There are many strains of influenza virus that circulate, so every year we have to design and produce a new vaccine to match the most common strains of that year," said Ali Ellebedy, an assistant professor at Washington University in the US.

"Now imagine if we could have one vaccine that protected against all influenza strains, including human, swine and highly lethal avian influenza viruses. This antibody could be the key to the design of a truly universal vaccine," Ellebedy said.

The antibody -- an immune protein that recognises and attaches to a foreign molecule -- was discovered in blood taken from a patient hospitalised with flu at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St Louis in the winter of 2017.

"The breadth of the antibodies really came as a surprise to us," said Florian Krammer, a professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

"Typically, anti-neuraminidase antibodies can be broad within a subtype, like H1N1, but an antibody with potent activity across subtypes was unheard of," Krammer said.

The researchers found that the antibody is able to cross between both influenza A and influenza B viruses.

"It is amazing what the human immune system is capable of if presented with the right antigens," Krammer said.

Neuraminidase is essential to flu virus replication. The protein cuts newly formed viruses free of infected cells so they can move on and infect new cells.

Tamiflu, the most widely used drug for severe flu infection, works by inactivating neuraminidase, the researchers said.

To find out whether the antibodies could be used to treat severe cases of flu, Krammer and colleagues tested them in mice given a lethal dose of influenza virus.

All three were effective against many strains, and one antibody -- called 1G01 -- protected mice against all 12 strains tested, representing all three groups of human flu virus, as well as avian and other nonhuman strains, the researchers said.

Source: business-standard.com
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27/10/2019

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12/01/2018

What Is Aspirin — And Should You Take It Daily?

Most of us have used aspirin at some point in our lives, but have you ever stopped to think of how the little white pill is so effective at reducing pain? Luckily the team at How Stuff Works recently put together a YouTube video to help explain the science behind this widely popular drug.

Although aspirin is a fairly new medical marvel, the drug itself is derived from the willow plant, which has been used as a painkiller for at least the past 6,000 years. As explained by How Stuff Works, it wasn’t until scientists worked on extracting and purifying the active ingredient in willow, salicin, that aspirin started to become what we know today.

In our digestive tract, salicin is broken into salicylic acid, which helps to reduce pain and inflammation. German scientists were able to synthesize this on a large scale, but unfortunately it was very hard on the stomach lining. Aspirin was created as a less acidic version of synthetic salicylic acid.

Pain is necessary, as it acts as a warning of danger, but it is unnecessary for us to be in constant pain once the danger of the injury has passed. In addition, some pain is not a result of injury and is unavoidable, such as menstrual cramps or headaches. Aspirin works by latching onto molecules which carry the pain sensations to the brain, alerting it to the injury. As a result, the brain registers less pain and there is also less of an inflammatory response.

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14/11/2017

World's First Genetically Modified 80% Skin was given to 7 Year old Kid with rare incurable disease.

There's a rare genetic disease that causes fragile skin all over the body to painfully blister at the slightest touch. It has no known cure. Researchers are reporting the successful treatment of a severe case of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), where mutations cause chronic wounds to the skin. In this case, doctors were able to reconstruct 80 percent of a boy's epidermis with genetically modified skin cells.

The technique involves attaching genetically modified skin grafts to the dermis, the tissue underlying the external layer of skin. The same method has been used previously in two patients with epidermolysis bullosa skin lesions, but in those cases only small skin patches were rebuilt. Stem cell researcher Michele De Luca from the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in Italy, says their technique can bring about "life-saving regeneration of virtually the entire epidermis".

The researchers took skin cells from a non-blistering area of the seven-year-old boy who was admitted to a hospital burns unit in Germany in June 2015 with severe blisters and lesions that ultimately saw him lose 80 percent of the skin covering his body and used them to establish protein cultures that were genetically modified to be free of the mutation responsible for the boy's condition – in this case, a variant of a gene called LAMB3.

The team grew these cultures into a series of transgenic epidermal grafts, which over the course of three operations replaced the boy's lost skin with a healthy new epidermis.

In follow-up examinations 21 months after the final surgery, the patient seemed to have made a full recovery, with his new skin healthy and free of blisters, demonstrating the usual resistance to stress that's not seen in patients with JEB.

"The patient was discharged in February 2016," the researchers write in their paper. More follow-ups will be needed to make sure the boy's skin stays healthy as he gets older, but with as many as 500,000 people around the world estimated to be affected by some form of epidermolysis bullosa, this is a really promising new beginning. The findings are reported in .

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