28/11/2025
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Sepsis Overview:
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition where the body’s immune system reacts excessively to an infection, causing tissue and organ damage
In 2017, there were 48.9 million cases globally and 11 million deaths.
Sepsis affects anyone but is more common in the elderly, young, pregnant women, or those with chronic health conditions.
Definition:
Sepsis occurs when an infection triggers a chain reaction in the body
Pathophysiology of Sepsis:
1.Infection triggers immune response: The immune system overreacts to infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic)
2-Release of cytokines: Cells release IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and other mediators, causing inflammation.
3.Vasodilation and permeability: Blood vessels dilate and leak, leading to hypotension
4-Decreased cardiac output: Blood volume drops, reducing oxygen delivery to organs
5.Tissue hypoxia and acidosis: Lack of oxygen leads to lactic acid build-up.
6.Coagulation: Impaired blood clotting results in DIC.
7-Multi-organ dysfunction: Key organs (heart, lungs, kidneys) are affected.
8-Septic shock: Persistent low blood pressure without treatment can lead to septic shock.
Causes of Sepsis:
-Bacterial infections: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common.
-Viral infections: Influenza and COVID-19.
-Fungal infections: Candida and Aspergillus.
-Parasitic infections: Malaria (Plasmodium).
-Infection sources: Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, abdominal infections, and skin infections.
-Healthcare-associated infections: Infections from catheters, ventilators, or surgery.
-Weakened immunity: People with compromised immune systems (chemotherapy, organ transplants) are more vulnerable.
Clinical Features (TIME mnemonic):
T - Temperature: High fever or low temperature
I - Infection signs: Symptoms vary (e.g., cough, shortness of breath, abdominal pain)
M - Mental status: Confusion or difficulty waking
E - Extremely ill: Severe discomfort, pain, and shortness of breath
Clinical Criteria for Diagnosing Sepsis:
1,Infection suspected (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic)
2.qSOFA score:
Systolic BP ≤ 100 mmHg
Respiratory rate ≥ 22 breaths/min
Altered mental status
qSOFA score ≥ 2 suggests higher risk
3.NEWS score: NEWS ≥ 5 predicts sepsis risk based on RR, BP, and oxygen levels.
Treatment for Sepsis:
Blood cultures: Obtain before starting antibiotics.
