04/03/2026
Cervical cancer is a major health concern for women worldwide, particularly in India, where it remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths.
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However, thanks to advancements in research and medical practices, this type of cancer is both preventable and treatable, especially when detected early.
What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the va**na. "Cervical cancer is the abnormal growth of cancerous cells on the mouth of the uterus,"
It is the third most common cancer in urban women in India, following breast and endometrial cancer. "1.2 lakh new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed every year, with 68,000 women losing their lives to it annually."
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Cervical cancer often develops slowly and can remain asymptomatic for years. "It is one of the most preventable and treatable forms cancer, especially with regular screening," she notes.
Symptoms and causes
Symptoms of cervical cancer can be subtle and are often overlooked. Common signs include abnormal va**nal bleeding (postcoital bleeding or bleeding after menopause), persistent foul smelling va**nal discharge, pain during s*x and lower back pain. Patients may experience urinary and bowel issues, severe pain radiating to the back and legs, and even leakage of urine or stool from the va**na.
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The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common s*xually transmitted infection. "HPV infection is responsible for 80-90 percent of cervical cancer cases worldwide,".
While cervical cancer is not hereditary or transmitted through genes - Significant role of lifestyle factors, such as early s*xual activity, multiple s*xual partners, and poor hygiene in increasing the risk of HPV infection.
Prevention and screening
Both doctors stress the importance of early prevention through vaccination and regular screening. Vaccination against HPV is the most effective method of prevention. Vaccination helps prevent HPV infections, which significantly lower the risk of developing cervical cancer.
In addition to vaccination, regular cervical screening is essential. "Screening tests such as the Pap smear and HPV DNA testing help detect precancerous changes in the cervix,".
Screenings should begin at the age of 21 and continue every five years until the age of 65. If an abnormal result is found, further tests such as colposcopy or biopsy may be conducted to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment options
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Treatment for cervical cancer depends on its stage and other factors like the patient's age and desire for fertility preservation. "In the early stages of cervical cancer, surgery is the treatment of choice. This may involve removing part of the cervix (conization) or the entire uterus (hysterectomy),".
For advanced cases, a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy is often used. Trachelectomy (removal of the cervix while preserving the uterus), may be considered for women who meet the criteria and wish to have children in the future.
"Radiotherapy can be delivered externally or internally (brachytherapy), while chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin are used to shrink tumours,"
By staying informed, adhering to recommended vaccination schedules, and getting regular screenings, women can significantly reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer.
