15/11/2025
1. AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein)
Cancers:
• Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
• Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (te**is, o***y)
:
• Diagnosis and monitoring of liver cancer
• Monitoring treatment and recurrence in germ cell tumors
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2. CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
Cancers:
• Colorectal cancer
• Pancreatic, gastric, lung, and breast cancers
:
• Monitoring cancer recurrence
• Limited use in diagnosis due to low specificity
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3. CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125)
Cancer:
• Ovarian cancer (especially epithelial type)
:
• Monitoring treatment and recurrence
• Sometimes used in screening high-risk women
• Note: Can also rise in benign conditions (e.g., endometriosis, menstruation)
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4. CA 19-9 (Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9)
Cancers:
• Pancreatic cancer
• Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer)
:
• Monitoring response to treatment
• Poor sensitivity in early-stage disease
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5. CA 15-3 / CA 27.29
Cancer:
• Breast cancer
:
• Monitoring for recurrence or metastasis
• Note: Not recommended for screening
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6. PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
Cancer:
• Prostate cancer
:
• Screening, diagnosis, and monitoring treatment
• Note: Can be elevated in benign conditions (e.g., BPH, prostatitis)
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7. hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
Cancers:
• Gestational trophoblastic disease
• Testicular germ cell tumors (especially choriocarcinoma)
:
• Diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and recurrence detection
• Note: Also elevated in pregnancy
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8. Calcitonin
Cancer:
• Medullary thyroid carcinoma
:
• Diagnosis and post-surgical monitoring
• Note: Secreted by C-cells of the thyroid
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9. LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)
Cancers:
• Lymphomas
• Germ cell tumors
:
• General marker of cell turnover or tissue damage
• Note: Not cancer-specific
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10. Thyroglobulin
Cancer:
• Differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary and follicular)
:
• Monitoring recurrence post-thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablation
• Note: Should not be used if anti-thyroglobulin antibodies are present
