11/08/2013
روانگسیختگی، اسکیزوفرنیوشیزوفرنی (به انگلیسی: Schizophrenia) یا ذهن خیلی باز ، یک بیماری روانی با منشاء نامشخّص و علایم متغیّر میباشد که اصطلاح آن توسط اُیگِن بلویلر از ترکیب دو واژهٔ یونانی سخیسین (دو نیم کردن، گسستن: σχίζειν) و فرِنُس (فکر، اندیشه: φρήν) وضع شده است. مشخصهٔ این بیماری عدم توانایی درک و یا بیان واقعیت است. این بیماری دارای عوارضی همچون عدم ارتباط منطقی در رفتار و گفتار، انزوا و گوشه نشینی بیش از حد و هذیان و توهم است. تشخیص این بیماری با مصاحبه با بیمار و مشاهده رفتار او میسر میشود. نتایج یک تحقیق در مجله نیچر اینچنین منتشر شده است که بر اساس گفته های دکتر کاری استیونسن که رهبری این گروه تحقیق را بر عهده دارد، سن پدر برای سلامت کودک تعیین کننده تر و موثرتر از سن مادر است. به گفته دکتر استیونسن، جامعه نسبت به سن مادر حساس تر از سن پدر است اما به غیر از سندروم داون، به نظر می رسد که اختلالاتی چون اسکیزوفرنی و اوتیسم تحت تاثیر سن پدر هستند نه مادر.
Schizophrenia (/ˌskɪtsɵˈfrɛniə/ or /ˌskɪtsɵˈfriːniə/) is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses.[1] Common symptoms include auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood, with a global lifetime prevalence of about 0.3–0.7%.[2] Diagnosis is based on observed behavior and the patient's reported experiences.
Genetics, early environment, neurobiology, and psychological and social processes appear to be important contributory factors; some recreational and prescription drugs appear to cause or worsen symptoms. Current research is focused on the role of neurobiology, although no single isolated organic cause has been found. The many possible combinations of symptoms have triggered debate about whether the diagnosis represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. Despite the origin of the term from the Greek roots skhizein (σχίζειν, "to split") and phrēn, phren- (φρήν, φρεν-; "mind"), schizophrenia does not imply a "split personality", or "multiple personality disorder" (which is known these days as dissociative identity disorder)—a condition with which it is often confused in public perception.[3] Rather, the term means a "splitting of mental functions", because of the symptomatic presentation of the illness.[4]
The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, which primarily suppresses dopamine (and sometimes serotonin) receptor activity. Psychotherapy and vocational and social rehabilitation are also important in treatment. In more serious cases—where there is risk to self and others—involuntary hospitalization may be necessary, although hospital stays are now shorter and less frequent than they once were.[5]
The disorder is thought mainly to affect cognition, but it also usually contributes to chronic problems with behavior and emotion. People with schizophrenia are likely to have additional (comorbid) conditions, including major depression and anxiety disorders; the lifetime occurrence of substance use disorder is almost 50%.[6] Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty, and homelessness are common. The average life expectancy of people with the disorder is 12 to 15 years less than those without, the result of increased physical health problems and a higher su***de rate (about 5%)
