Svay Toeu,MD,GS.

08/05/2026

Mechanism of Action: Antibiotic
👉Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors: \(\beta \)-lactams (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems), Glycopeptides (Vancomycin).
👉Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Aminoglycosides (30S), Tetracyclines (30S), Macrolides (50S), Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol.
👉Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: Quinolones (DNA gyrase), Rifampicin (RNA polymerase).
👉Metabolic Pathway Inhibitors: Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim.Cell Membrane Disrupters: Polymyxins, Daptomycin.

29/04/2026

👉Desarda procedure for inguinal hernia repair
Desarda Repair is Inguinal Hernia Repair Surgery Without Mesh or Mesh Free Inguinal Hernia Surgery, it is a No Mesh Hernia Surgery without Mesh Complications, fast Hernia recovery, why not mesh repair? Why not Shouldice? See mesh free Hernia surgery videos of Desarda Technique and post operative recovery, Hernia recovery videos, Hernia blogs, Hernia doctors or operation technique, Desarda Repair is all tension free & mesh free hernia repair.

28/03/2026

Landmarks of a normal hip or pelvis radiograph:

Red - iliopectineal line
Light blue - ilioischial line
Yellow - teardrop
Dark blue - roof of acetabulum
Green - edge of the anterior acetabular wall
Pink - edge of the posterior acetabular wall
Orange - Shenton line
Ref: Radiopeadia

27/03/2026

Bactericidal vs Bacteriostatic

23/03/2026

👉The four main types of estrogen are estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4). These hormones regulate the female reproductive system, with E2 being the most potent and dominant before menopause, E1 dominant after menopause, and E3/E4 primarily active during pregnancy.

1. Estradiol (E2)
Role: The most prevalent and potent estrogen produced by the ovaries during childbearing years.
Function: Crucial for the menstrual cycle, breast development, and maintaining bone health.
Key Stage: Primary form of estrogen from puberty to menopause.

2. Estrone (E1)
Role: The primary form of estrogen in postmenopausal women.
Function: Produced primarily in adipose (fat) tissue, liver, and adrenal glands.
Key Stage: Main estrogen found after menopause.

3. Estriol (E3)
Role: The primary estrogen produced during pregnancy, made mainly by the placenta.
Function: A weak estrogen that prepares the body for childbirth.
Key Stage: High levels found only during pregnancy.

4. Estetrol (E4)
Role: Produced only during pregnancy by the fetal liver.
Function: A weak, specific estrogen only present during gestation.

23/03/2026

HERE ARE THE FIVE MAIN HORMONES FOR MEN'S HEALTH:

1. Testosterone
2. Oestrogen
3. Prolactin
4. Control hormones (LH and FSH)
5. Cortisol

1. Testosterone

👉Testosterone is a s*x hormone. Men primarily produce it in the testicles, while women produce it in the ovaries.
👉WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTOSTERONE FOR MEN'S HEALTH?
Testosterone impacts s*x drive, s***m production, bone and muscle mass, fat distribution, red blood cell production, and mood.
👉Low testosterone levels can cause a decrease in s*x drive, less energy, weight gain, muscle loss, feeling down, and weaker bones. Factors contributing to testosterone deficiency include ageing, testicular injury, cancer treatments, chronic illnesses, and stress.
👉In men, testosterone is responsible for:
Changes during puberty (development of male characteristics, like the p***s and te**es, deepening of the voice, facial, and p***c hair growth)
Maintaining bone and muscle mass
Regulating body composition, including the muscle-to-fat ratio
S*x drive (libido)
S***m production
Red blood cell production
👉Symptoms of low testosterone include:
Low mood or energy levels
A reduced libido
Loss of muscle mass
Erectile dysfunction
Male pattern baldness

2. Oestrogen

👉Oestrogen is the collective term for a group of hormones. You may initially class oestrogen as only being important for women. You're right that oestrogen is primarily responsible for the development of the female reproductive system. However, this hormone is important for both s*xes.
👉WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OESTROGEN FOR MEN'S HEALTH?
Men make small amounts of oestrogen, which is important for regulating libido, erectile function, and s***m production. Oestradiol is the strongest of the three naturally produced oestrogens. The te**es produce oestradiol, a steroid hormone made from cholesterol, at low levels.
Men can have higher oestradiol levels from too much body fat or as testosterone decreases with age.
👉Oestradiol in men is essential for:
Regulating libido
Erectile function
S***m production
Symptoms of raised oestradiol include:
Excess growth of breast tissue
Loss of libido
Infertility

3. Prolactin

👉The pituitary gland produces prolactin, which is important for reproductive health. Its primary purpose is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth. In men, its function is less well understood, but it plays a role in reproduction and mood.
👉WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROLACTIN FOR MEN'S HEALTH?
Low prolactin levels in men are rare. However, raised levels in men can interfere with the function of the testicles and cause problems.
A significantly raised prolactin level affects around one in 200 adults. It is more common in men with impotence or fertility issues and women with absent periods . It's fairly common to receive a mildly raised prolactin, the causes of which are often harmless and related to how you take the test. For example, eating a big meal, recent in*******se, or intense exercise can all lead to a raised result. Find out more about the causes of raised prolactin.
Maintaining normal prolactin levels is important for hormonal balance and overall health. Usually, addressing the underlying cause is the first step. For example, medications, stress, and alcohol intake can all affect your prolactin levels.
👉Symptoms of raised prolactin can include:
Reduced s*x drive
Lack of energy
Erectile dysfunction
Breast tissue tenderness and enlargement
Fertility problems

4. Control hormones - FSH and LH

👉In men, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH) function as key control hormones for regulating the reproductive system. Specifically, they control the production of s***m and testosterone.
👉WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FSH FOR MEN'S HEALTH?
FSH from the pituitary gland helps the te**es make s***m by providing necessary nutrients and molecules for production. Elevated levels of FSH in men often indicate testicular issues.
Low FSH levels may indicate a pituitary gland problem and can lead to issues with s***m production and fertility. Elevated testosterone levels in the blood can also affect FSH levels, such as through anabolic steroid use or testosterone replacement therapy (TRT).
👉WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LH FOR MEN’S HEALTH?
LH from the pituitary gland stimulates the te**es to produce testosterone. High levels of LH may point to decreased s*x steroid production from the te**es, which can affect fertility.
Low levels of LH can be a sign of problems with the pituitary gland. If levels are not sufficient to support testicular function, this too may cause infertility.
Raised testosterone (potentially from anabolic steroid use) can prevent the pituitary gland from creating LH. This may also cause a reduction in LH levels.
Causes of raised LH:
Injury to the te**es
Klinefelter’s syndrome (chromosomal abnormality)
Mumps
Previous chemo- or radiotherapy to the te**es
Stress (which can lower testosterone and cause a secondary rise in FSH)
Tumour of the germ cells (the cells that produce s***m)

5. Cortisol

👉Cortisol is a steroid hormone that regulates many vital processes throughout the body. The adrenal glands produce cortisol in response to stress.
Almost every cell has cortisol receptors, allowing it to impact various bodily functions.
👉WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CORTISOL FOR MEN'S HEALTH?
Studies show a significant relationship between high cortisol levels and low testosterone levels .If you're curious about potentially experiencing chronic stress, you can check your cortisol level with our Cortisol Saliva Stress Test.
Cortisol has essential roles, including regulating :
Stress
Metabolism
The body’s immune response
Persistently elevated cortisol levels, due to stress, adrenal gland tumours, or steroid use, can inhibit testosterone production and lead to Cushing’s syndrome.
👉Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome include:
Erectile dysfunction
Loss of libido
High blood pressure
Thinning of the bones
Low cortisol levels can also impact the body, often due to conditions like Addison’s disease, where the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient cortisol.
Symptoms of Addison’s disease include:
Abdominal pain
Physical weakness
Weight loss

https://www.medichecks.com/blogs/mens-health/five-main-hormones-for-mens-health?srsltid=AfmBOoogr3L9kgAQt4BQ2yVZs6Rl7MBjrOSGR8LjDrt4GtZbLT8frTxC #

Why are hormones important for men's health? Learn about the five main hormones that influence men's health, where they're produced, how to test them, and their functions.

22/12/2025

👉The 5 Ws of Post-Op Fever (by timing)
The "5 Ws" are a mnemonic to remember common causes, with timing crucial for diagnosis:
1. Wind (Days 1-2): Lung issues like atelectasis (collapsed lung) or pneumonia. (Less likely at 5 weeks).
2. Water (Days 3-5): Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), common with catheters.
3. Walking (Days 5-7+): Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Pulmonary Embolism (PE) due to immobility.
4. Wound (Days 6-10+): Surgical Site Infection (SSI) – often peaks later.
5. Wonder Drugs (After Day 7): Medication reactions, e.g., antibiotics.

04/11/2025

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

30/10/2025

How does processed and red meat cause cancer?

Processed meat and red meat contain substances that can damage the bowel and lead to cancer. These may be added during processing or are made when cooking the meat.

These include:

Nitrates and nitrites

These are chemical preservatives used to keep processed meat fresher for longer. When we eat them, nitrates and nitrites can become N-nitroso chemicals (NOCs). These can damage the cells that line our bowel and lead to bowel cancer. Added nitrates might be why processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer more than red meat does.

Haem

Haem contains iron and helps carry oxygen around the body in humans and some animals. Haem is naturally found in red meat. When eaten, haem also breaks down into harmful NOCs.

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

These substances are made when processed and red meat is cooked at high temperatures, or over open flames. This includes pan-frying or grilling meat and cooking it on a barbeque. HCAs and PAHs can damage cells in the bowel.

22/10/2025

👉PrEP (pre-exposure prophylactic)
👉Lenacapavir, sold under the brand names Sunlenca among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS.It is taken by mouth or by subcutaneous injection.Lenacapavir is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid inhibiton.
👉 https://www.who.int/news/item/14-07-2025-who-recommends-injectable-lenacapavir-for-hiv-prevention