12/03/2026
手足口病(Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, HFMD)
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease 是一种常见的儿童病毒感染,多见于 5岁以下儿童,尤其在托儿所、幼儿园容易传播。
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🦠 病因
• Coxsackievirus A16(柯萨奇病毒A16型)
• Enterovirus 71(肠道病毒71型)
• Coxsackievirus A6(近年来较常见)
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⏳ 潜伏期
• 通常为 3–6天(一般范围 3–7天)。
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📌 传播方式
• 咳嗽或打喷嚏的飞沫传播
• 唾液或鼻分泌物
• 水疱液体
• 粪口传播(如换尿布后未洗手)
• 被污染的玩具、餐具或表面
⚠️ 即使症状消失,病毒仍可能在粪便中排出数周(约4–8周)。
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👶 常见症状
早期症状(发病初期)
• 发烧(通常 38–39°C)
• 食欲下降
• 喉咙痛
• 疲倦或精神差
1–2天后出现典型症状
口腔症状
• 口腔内出现小水疱或溃疡
• 常见位置:舌头, 牙龈, 口腔内侧(颊黏), 上颚
皮肤皮疹
• 手掌
• 脚底
• 臀部或尿布区
• 有时在膝盖或手肘
皮疹可表现为红点、丘疹或小水疱。
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⏱ 病程
• 发烧:约 2–3天
• 皮疹或水疱:约 5–10天
• 多数儿童 7–10天内自行恢复
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🏠 居家护理
目前没有特效抗病毒药物,治疗以对症护理为主:
✔ 退烧止痛
✔ 多喝水,避免脱水
✔ 给予软质或清淡食物(如粥、汤、酸奶)
✔ 避免辛辣、酸或咸的食物刺激口腔溃疡
✔ 保持指甲短,避免抓破皮疹
❌ 一般 不需要抗生素。
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⚠️若孩子出现以下情况,应尽快就医:
• 高烧持续超过3天
• 不肯喝水或出现脱水
• 嗜睡、精神差或反应迟钝
• 反复呕吐
• 呼吸急促
• 抽搐或四肢抖动
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🧼 预防措施
• 经常用肥皂洗手
• 定期消毒玩具和桌面
• 不共用餐具或水杯
• 生病儿童应暂时避免上学或上托儿所
通常在发病第一周传染性最强。
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Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease is a common viral infection in children, especially those under 5 years old. It spreads easily in nurseries and kindergartens.
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🦠 Cause
• Coxsackievirus A16
• Enterovirus 71
• Coxsackievirus A6 (increasingly common in recent outbreaks)
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⏳ Incubation Period
• Usually 3–6 days (range 3–7 days).
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📌 Mode of Transmission
• Respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing
• Saliva or nasal secretions
• Fluid from blisters
• Fecal-oral transmission (e.g., during diaper changes)
• Contaminated toys, utensils, or surfaces
⚠️ Even after symptoms resolve, the virus can continue to be shed in stool for several weeks (about 4–8 weeks).
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👶 Common Symptoms
Early symptoms (initial stage)
• Fever (usually 38–39°C)
• Poor appetite
• Sore throat
• Fatigue or lethargy
Typical symptoms appear after 1–2 days
Oral symptoms
• Small blisters or ulcers inside the mouth
• Common locations: tongue, gums, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth
Skin rash
• Palms
• Soles
• Buttocks or diaper area
• Sometimes knees or elbows
Rash may appear as red spots, papules, or small blisters.
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⏱ Course of Illness
• Fever: about 2–3 days
• Rash/blisters: about 5–10 days
• Most children recover within 7–10 days
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🏠 Home Care
There is no specific antiviral treatment. Management is mainly supportive:
✔ Fever and pain relief
✔ Encourage adequate fluids
✔ Provide soft or bland foods (porridge, soup, yogurt)
✔ Avoid spicy, sour, or salty foods that irritate mouth ulcers
✔ Keep nails short to prevent scratching
❌ Antibiotics are usually not needed.
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⚠️ Seek Medical Attention If
• Fever lasts more than 3 days
• Poor drinking or dehydration
• Very drowsy or lethargic
• Repeated vomiting
• Fast breathing
• Seizures or limb jerking
Rarely, HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71 may lead to complications such as meningitis or encephalitis.
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🧼 Prevention
• Wash hands frequently with soap and water
• Disinfect toys and surfaces regularly
• Avoid sharing utensils or cups
• Sick children should stay home from school or daycare
HFMD is most contagious during the first week of illness.