I am Physiotherapist

12/12/2024

Differential Diagnosis of Shoulder Pain

1️⃣ Musculoskeletal Causes

🔸Rotator Cuff Disorders
Tendinopathy/Tendinitis: Pain during overhead activities, localized to the lateral shoulder.
Rotator Cuff Tear: Weakness during abduction and external rotation, positive Empty Can Test and Drop Arm Test.

🔸Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: Painful arc during 60°-120° abduction, positive Neer’s Test and Hawkins-Kennedy Test.

🔸 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
Progressive loss of active and passive range of motion, particularly external rotation.
Pain initially, followed by stiffness.

🔸 Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Pathology
Localized pain at the AC joint, aggravated by cross-body adduction.
Positive Cross-body Adduction Test.

🔸 Labral Tears
Often from trauma or overuse (e.g., throwing athletes).
Clicking or locking sensation, positive O’Brien Test or Apprehension Test.

🔸 Shoulder Instability
History of dislocation or subluxation.
Positive Apprehension and Relocation Test for anterior instability.

2️⃣ Neurological Causes

🔸 Cervical Radiculopathy
Referred pain from cervical spine (C5-C6 commonly).
Pain radiates to shoulder and arm, with sensory or motor deficits in a dermatomal pattern.
Positive Spurling’s Test.

🔸 Brachial Plexus Injury
Weakness and sensory changes following trauma.
Common in contact sports or accidents.

🔸 Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment
Weakness in external rotation, deep shoulder pain.
Common in overhead athletes.

3️⃣ Inflammatory or Rheumatologic Causes

🔸 Rheumatoid Arthritis
Bilateral shoulder pain, morning stiffness, and systemic symptoms like fatigue.
Swelling or warmth in the joint.

🔸 Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Pain and stiffness in the shoulder girdle, often in older adults.
Elevated ESR/CRP.

4️⃣ Traumatic Causes

🔸 Fractures
Clavicle Fracture: Pain, deformity, or swelling over the clavicle.
Proximal Humerus Fracture: Pain, inability to move the shoulder, often following a fall.

🔸 Shoulder Dislocation
Anterior: Arm held in abduction and external rotation.
Posterior: Arm in adduction and internal rotation, often due to seizures or electric shock.

5️⃣ Systemic or Referred Pain

🔸 Cardiac Causes
Myocardial Ischemia: Left shoulder pain with exertion, associated with chest pain, nausea, or sweating.
Rule out with ECG and cardiac enzymes.

🔸 Gallbladder Disease (Referred Pain)
Right shoulder pain referred from diaphragmatic irritation (Kehr's sign).

🔸Pancoast Tumor
Shoulder pain, arm weakness, and Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis).

🔸 Diaphragmatic Irritation
Caused by subphrenic abscess or liver pathology, radiating to the shoulder.

6️⃣ Infectious Causes

🔸Septic Arthritis: Acute pain, fever, swelling, and warmth.
Osteomyelitis: Chronic bone infection causing deep pain.

7️⃣ Vascular Causes

🔸Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Compression of neurovascular structures, presenting as arm pain, numbness, and sometimes discoloration. Positive Roos Test or Adson’s Test.

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27/11/2024

Differential Diagnosis of Cervical/ Neck Pain

1. Mechanical/Non-specific Neck Pain

⭕Cervical Muscle Strain:
Caused by poor posture, overuse, or sudden movement.
Symptoms: Localized neck pain, stiffness, tenderness in affected muscles.
⭕Cervical Spondylosis (Osteoarthritis):
Degenerative changes in intervertebral discs and facet joints.
Symptoms: Gradual onset of pain, reduced range of motion (ROM), crepitus, may radiate to shoulders.
⭕Cervical Radiculopathy:
Compression of nerve roots due to herniated disc or osteophytes.
Symptoms: Pain radiating to arms, numbness, tingling, or weakness in affected dermatome.

2. Traumatic Causes

⭕Whiplash Injury:
Sudden hyperflexion or hyperextension of the neck.
Symptoms: Pain, stiffness, headache, and reduced ROM post-trauma.
⭕Fractures (e.g., C1-C2 or C7):
Commonly due to high-impact injuries.
Symptoms: Severe pain, restricted movement, neurological deficits if spinal cord involved.
⭕Ligamentous Injuries (e.g., alar ligament injury):
Instability and pain, often following trauma.

3. Inflammatory/Autoimmune Conditions

⭕Rheumatoid Arthritis:
Can involve cervical spine, particularly the atlantoaxial joint.
Symptoms: Chronic pain, morning stiffness, neurological signs if subluxation occurs.
⭕Ankylosing Spondylitis:
Affects sacroiliac joints first but may involve cervical spine.
Symptoms: Chronic neck pain, stiffness, and limited spinal mobility (bamboo spine).

4. Neurological Causes

⭕Cervical Myelopathy:
Compression of the spinal cord due to disc herniation, stenosis, or tumors.
Symptoms: Weakness, gait disturbance, loss of fine motor skills, hyperreflexia.
⭕Thoracic Outlet Syndrome:
Compression of brachial plexus or subclavian vessels.
Symptoms: Pain radiating to the upper limb, numbness, and weakness.

5. Referred Pain

⭕ Cardiac Causes (e.g., Myocardial Ischemia):
Symptoms: Pain radiating to the neck, jaw, or left arm, often associated with exertion.
⭕Gastrointestinal Causes (e.g., Esophageal Spasm):
Symptoms: Pain referred to the neck and chest, worsened by swallowing.
Diaphragmatic Irritation (e.g., Liver or Splenic Issues):
Can cause referred pain to the neck (Kehr’s sign).

6. Infectious Causes

⭕Meningitis:
Symptoms: Severe neck stiffness, fever, headache, photophobia, and altered mental status.
⭕Osteomyelitis or Discitis:
Infections of vertebral bones or discs.
Symptoms: Fever, localized tenderness, progressive neck pain.
⭕Abscess (e.g., Retropharyngeal or Epidural):
Symptoms: Fever, difficulty swallowing, neck stiffness, and neurological deficits if compressive.

7. Neoplastic Causes

⭕Primary Tumors (e.g., Multiple Myeloma, Osteosarcoma):
Rare but may cause localized neck pain, pathological fractures.
⭕Metastatic Disease:
Commonly from breast, lung, or prostate cancer.
Symptoms: Progressive pain, night pain, systemic symptoms like weight loss.
⭕Nerve Sheath Tumors:
May cause localized pain or neurological deficits.

8. Vascular Causes

⭕Cervical Artery Dissection:
Can lead to stroke.
Symptoms: Severe neck pain, headache, neurological signs.
⭕Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency:
Reduced blood flow in vertebral arteries.
Symptoms: Dizziness, ataxia, visual disturbances.

9. Other Causes

⭕Fibromyalgia:
Widespread musculoskeletal pain, tender points, fatigue.
⭕Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders:
May present with referred pain to the neck.
⭕Psychogenic Pain:
Associated with stress, anxiety, or depression.

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27/02/2024

✍Medical terminology 👇

*1. Adeno* - Glandular
*2. An* - Not
*3. Anti* - Against
*4. Aorto* - Aorta
*5. Artho* - joint
*6. Bleph* - Eyelid
*7. Broncho* - Bronchi
*8. Cardio* - Heart
*9. Cephal* - Head
*10. Cerebro* - Brain
*11. Cervico* - Cervix
*12. Cholecysto* - Gall Bladder
*13. Coli* - Bowel
*14. Colpo* - Va**na
*15. Entero* - Intestine
*16. Gastro* - Stomach
*17. Glosso* - Tongue
*18. Haema* - Blood
*19. Hepa* - Liver
*20. Hystero* - Uterus
*21. Laryngo* - Larynx
*22. Leuco* - White
*23. Metro* - Uterus
*24. Myelo* - Spinal cord
*25. Myo* - Muscle
*26. Nephro* - Kidney
*27. Neuro* - Nerve
*28. Odonto* - Tooth
*29. Orchido* - Te**is
*30. Osteo* - Bone
*31. Oto* - Ear
*32. Pharyngo* - Pharynx
*33. Pio* - Pus
*34. Pneumo* - Lung
*35. Ren* - Kidney
*36. Rhin* - Nose
*37. Spleno* - Spleen
*38. Thyro* - Thyroid Gland
*39. Urethro* - Urethra
*40. Vesico* – Bladder

*Here are the suffixes used in Medical terminology. Check out!Suffix - Meaning

*1. -aemia* : Blood
*2. -algia* : Pain
*3. -derm* : skin
*4. -dynia* : pain
*5. -ectomy* : removal
*6. -Itis* : inflammation
*7. -lithiasis* : Presence of Stone
*8. -malacia* : softening
*9. -oma* : tumour
*10. -opia* : eye
*11. -osis* : Condition,excess
*12. -otomy* : incision of
*13. -phobia* : fear
*14. -plasty* : surgery
*15. -plegia* : peralysis
*16. -ptosis* : falling
*17. -rhoea* : excessive discharge
*18. -rhage* : to burst forth
*19. -rhythmia* : rhythm.
*20. -stasis* : stoppage of movement
*21. -sthenia* : weakness
*22. -stomy* : outlet
*23. -tomy* : removal
*24. -trophy* : nourishment
*25. -uria* : urine

✍Compounded Words - Meaning

*1. Anaemia* - Deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood
*2. Analgesic* - Medicine which alleviates pain
*3. Arthralgia* - Pain in a joint
*4. Cephalalgia* - Headache
*5. Nephralgia* - Pain in the kidney
*6. Neuralgia* - Nerve pain
*7. Myalgia* - Muscle pain
*8. Otalgia* - Ear ache
*9. Gastralgia* - Pain in the stomach
*10. Pyoderma* - Skin infection with pus formation
*11. Leucoderma* - Defective skin pigmentaion
*12. Hysterodynia* - Pain in the uterus
*13. Hysterectomy* - Excision of the uterus
*14. Nephrectomy* - Excision of a kidney
*15. Adenectomy* - Excision of a gland
*16. Cholecystectomy* - Excision of gall bladder
*17. Thyroidectomy* - Excision of thyroid gland
*18. Arthritis* - Inflammation of a joint
*19. Bronchitis* - Inflammation of the bronchi
*20. Carditis* - Inflammation of the heart
*21. Cervicitis* - Inflammation of the cervix
*22. Colitis* - Inflammation of the colon
*23. Colpitis* - Inflammation of the va**na
*24. Cystitis* - Inflammation of the urinary bladder
*25. Enteritis* - Inflammation of the intestines
*26. Gastritis* - Inflammation of the stomach
*27. Glossitis* - Inflammation of the tongue
*28. Hepatitis* - Inflammation of the liver
*29. Laryngitis* - Inflammation of the larynx
*30. Metritis* - Inflammation of the uterus
*31. Myelitis* - Inflammation of the spinal cord
*32. Nephritis* - Inflammation of the kidney
*33. Pharyngitis* - Inflammation of the pharynx
*34. Blepharitis* - Inflammation of the eyelids
*35. Cholelithiasis* - Stone in the gall bladder
*36. Nephrolithiasis* - Stone in the kidney
*37. Osteomalacia* - Softening of bones through deficiency of calcium or D vitamin
*38. Adenoma* -Benign tumour of glandular tissue
*39. Myoma* - Tumour of muscle
*40. Diplopia* - Double vision
*41. Thrombosis* - Formation of a blood clot
*42. Pyloromyotomy* - Incision of pyloric sphincter muscle
*43. Hedrophobia* - Fear of water(Rabies in humans)
*44. Neuroplasty* - Surgical repair of nerves
*45. Pyloraplasty* - Incision of plastic pylorus to widen passage
*46. Hemiplegia* - Paralysis of one side of the body
*47. Nephroptosis* - Downward displacement of the kidney
*48. Amenorrhoea* - Absence of menstrual discharge
*49. Dysmenorrhoea* - Painful menstruation
*50. Leucorrhoea* - Whitish va**nal discharge
*51. Menorrhoea* - Menstrual bleeding

12/12/2023

12/12/2023

A Comparative Study to Analyze the Perspectives, Interests, and Barriers Towards Research Project Among Undergraduate Students in The Universities of Faisalabad

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https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/ihr/article/view/4897/2051