Dr Muhammad Younas Orakzai

14/05/2026

Peptic Ulcer Diseas(PUD)-Risk Factors

13/05/2026

H-Pylori Treatment algorithm

12/05/2026

Approach to Thrombocytopenia

07/05/2026

Approach to Bleeding Disorders

25/03/2026

Types of HRS
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HRS was subdivided into type 1 and type 2 by the International Club of Ascites.

▶️type 1 HRS:
▪️involved rapidly progressive acute kidney injury (AKI) with doubling of initial serum creatinine to a value of >2.5 mg/dL in

25/03/2026

📚🫁 Respiratory Failure – Quick Review
Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination, leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both. It is a life-threatening medical condition that requires urgent management.

🔎 Types of Respiratory Failure
1️⃣ Type I – Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
• Low PaO₂ (< 60 mmHg)
• Normal or low PaCO₂
• Caused by problems affecting oxygen exchange in the lungs.
Common causes:
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary edema
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
• Pulmonary embolism

2️⃣ Type II – Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
• PaCO₂ > 50 mmHg
• Often associated with hypoxemia
• Occurs due to inadequate ventilation.
Common causes:
• COPD exacerbation
• Severe asthma
• Drug overdose (sedatives, opioids)
• Neuromuscular disorders
• Chest wall deformities

⚠️ Common Symptoms
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Rapid breathing (tachypnea)
• Cyanosis
• Confusion or drowsiness
• Use of accessory respiratory muscles

🩺 Basic Management Principles
• Oxygen therapy
• Treat underlying cause
• Non-invasive ventilation (CPAP/BiPAP)
• Mechanical ventilation in severe cases

💡 Quick Tip:
Type I = Oxygen problem
Type II = Ventilation problem

25/03/2026

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH).

• Pancytopenia (bone marrow failure component)
• Hemolysis (intravascular) → complement-mediated RBC destruction (↓ CD55, CD59)
• Venous thrombosis → especially unusual sites (hepatic, portal, cerebral veins)

Key associations:
• Dark urine (especially morning hemoglobinuria)
• ↑ LDH, ↓ haptoglobin
• Risk of aplastic anemia / MDS

Diagnostic test:
• Flow cytometry : absence of CD55 and CD59 on RBCs

Management:
• Eculizumab / Ravulizumab (complement inhibitors)
• Anticoagulation if thrombosis
• Bone marrow transplant (curative in severe cases)

21/03/2026

Eid Mubarak

29/11/2025

باتھ روم میں موبائل کے استعمال سے بواسیر کا خطرہ ۴۶٪ بڑھ جاتا

Smartphones are ubiquitous in daily life, with many people now using them while sitting on the toilet. Despite anecdotal evidence that length of time spent on the toilet is a risk factor for hemorrhoids, a multivariate analysis of smartphone use has not been performed. This study examines the correl...

28/11/2025

Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria.


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