MLT

MLT "Medical Laboratory Technologist "

Urine Routine Examination:
30/07/2025

Urine Routine Examination:

๐๐‹๐Ž๐Ž๐ƒ ๐“๐‘๐€๐๐’๐…๐”๐’๐ˆ๐Ž๐ ๐‘๐„๐€๐‚๐“๐ˆ๐Ž๐๐’: ๐Ÿ. ๐…๐ž๐›๐ซ๐ข๐ฅ๐ž (๐๐จ๐ง-๐‡๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐…๐ž๐›๐ซ๐ข๐ฅ๐ž ๐‘๐ž๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง)๐‚๐š๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž:๐ŸŸกOften due to the recipient's immune respo...
16/07/2025

๐๐‹๐Ž๐Ž๐ƒ ๐“๐‘๐€๐๐’๐…๐”๐’๐ˆ๐Ž๐ ๐‘๐„๐€๐‚๐“๐ˆ๐Ž๐๐’:

๐Ÿ. ๐…๐ž๐›๐ซ๐ข๐ฅ๐ž (๐๐จ๐ง-๐‡๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐…๐ž๐›๐ซ๐ข๐ฅ๐ž ๐‘๐ž๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง)

๐‚๐š๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž:
๐ŸŸกOften due to the recipient's immune response to donor white blood cells or cytokines.

๐ŸŸกCommon in individuals who receive multiple transfusions.

๐’๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:

๐ŸŸกFever
๐ŸŸกChills
๐ŸŸกTachycardia (increased heart rate)
๐ŸŸกTachypnea (rapid breathing)
๐ŸŸกHypotension (low blood pressure)

๐๐จ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ:

๐ŸŸกThis is the most common type of transfusion reaction.
๐ŸŸกNot typically life-threatening but can be uncomfortable.
๐ŸŸกPreventable by using leukoreduced blood products.

๐Ÿ. ๐‡๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐‘๐ž๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง

๐‚๐š๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž:

๐Ÿ”ดTriggered by ABO or Rh incompatibility (e.g., transfusing the wrong blood type).
๐Ÿ”ดLeads to rapid destruction of donor red blood cells (hemolysis) by the recipient's immune system.

๐’๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:

๐Œ๐ข๐ฅ๐ ๐œ๐š๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ:

๐Ÿ”ดFever
๐Ÿ”ดChills
๐Ÿ”ดHeadache
๐Ÿ”ดChest pain

๐Œ๐จ๐๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ž ๐œ๐š๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ:

๐Ÿ”ดTachycardia
๐Ÿ”ดTachypnea
๐Ÿ”ดHypotension
๐Ÿ”ดHemoglobinuria (dark urine from
hemoglobin in urine)
๐Ÿ”ดApprehension or anxiety
๐Ÿ”ดDisseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC): abnormal clotting
throughout the body
๐Ÿ”ดCirculatory collapse: life-threatening

๐—ก๐—ผ๐˜๐—ฒ๐˜€:

๐Ÿ”ดThis is a medical emergency.
๐Ÿ”ดRequires immediate cessation of transfusion and intensive care support.

๐Ÿ‘. ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ž๐ซ๐ ๐ข๐œ ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐‘๐ž๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:

๐‚๐š๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž:

๐Ÿ”ตRecipient allergic reaction to plasma
proteins in the donor blood.
๐Ÿ”ตOccurs more frequently with
plasma-containing blood products.

๐’๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:

๐Ÿ”ตUrticaria (hives) / Rash
๐Ÿ”ตItching
๐Ÿ”ตBronchospasm (wheezing or difficulty
breathing)
๐Ÿ”ตAnaphylaxis (severe, life-threatening
allergic response)

๐๐จ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ:

๐Ÿ”ตUsually mild and managed with
antihistamines.
๐Ÿ”ตSevere reactions like anaphylaxis
require epinephrine and urgent care.
๐Ÿ”ตFuture transfusions may need
washed red blood cells to reduce
plasma protein exposure.

๐‘ช๐’๐’Š๐’๐’Š๐’„๐’‚๐’ ๐‘ป๐’Š๐’‘๐’”:

๐Ÿ”ถAlways verify blood type compatibility
before transfusion
๐Ÿ”ถ Monitor vital signs frequently during
and after transfusion
๐Ÿ”ถStop transfusion immediately if a
reaction is suspected.
๐Ÿ”ถ Report and document all transfusion
reactions for patient safety

Pic credit
https://lnkd.in/gnRRzwVC

๐‚๐‹๐Ž๐“๐“๐ˆ๐๐† ๐…๐€๐‚๐“๐Ž๐‘๐’:The blood clotting process involves 13 factors, each with a specific role in coagulation. These are:๐Ÿ. ...
07/04/2025

๐‚๐‹๐Ž๐“๐“๐ˆ๐๐† ๐…๐€๐‚๐“๐Ž๐‘๐’:
The blood clotting process involves 13 factors, each with a specific role in coagulation. These are:

๐Ÿ. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐ˆ - ๐…๐ข๐›๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐จ๐ ๐ž๐ง

A glycoprotein in the blood plasma that is converted to fibrin by thrombin during blood clotting.

๐Ÿ. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐ˆ๐ˆ - ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐›๐ข๐ง

A precursor to thrombin, essential for clot formation.

๐Ÿ‘. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐ˆ๐ˆ๐ˆ - ๐“๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐›๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐š๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง
(Tissue Factor)

A protein that activates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

๐Ÿ’. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐ˆ๐• - ๐‚๐š๐ฅ๐œ๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ (๐‚๐š๐Ÿ+)

Essential for various enzymatic reactions in the clotting cascade.

๐Ÿ“. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐• - ๐‹๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ž ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ (Proaccelerin)

Works with Factor X to activate prothrombin.

๐Ÿฒ. ๐—™๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ ๐—ฉ๐—œ๐—œ - ๐—ฆ๐˜๐—ฎ๐—ฏ๐—น๐—ฒ ๐—™๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ (Proconvertin)
(A key protein in the extrinsic clotting pathway)

๐Ÿ•. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐•๐ˆ๐ˆ๐ˆ - ๐€๐ง๐ญ๐ข-๐ก๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐€

Deficiency leads to Hemophilia A.

๐Ÿ–. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐ˆ๐— - ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฆ๐š๐ฌ ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ (Anti-hemophilic Factor B)

Deficiency leads to Hemophilia B.

๐Ÿ—. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐— - ๐’๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ซ๐ญ-๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฐ๐ž๐ซ ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ

Activates thrombin, crucial for clot formation.

๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐—๐ˆ - ๐๐ฅ๐š๐ฌ๐ฆ๐š ๐“๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐›๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐š๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง ๐€๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐œ๐ž๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ

Deficiency leads to Hemophilia C.

๐Ÿ๐Ÿ. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐—๐ˆ๐ˆ - ๐‡๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฆ๐š๐ง ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ

Activates the intrinsic pathway, playing a role in inflammation.

๐Ÿ๐Ÿ. ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐—๐ˆ๐ˆ๐ˆ - ๐…๐ข๐›๐ซ๐ข๐ง-๐’๐ญ๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ณ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐…๐š๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ
Strengthens and stabilizes the fibrin clot.

๐Ÿ”นMnemonic to Remember Clotting Factors

๐Ÿ”นThe mnemonic in the image helps in memorizing the factors:

๐Ÿ”น"Foolish People Try Climbing Long Slopes After Christmas, Some People Have Fallen."

๐ŸŸกFโ†’ Fibrinogen
๐ŸŸกP โ†’Prothrombin
๐ŸŸกTโ†’ Thromboplastin
๐ŸŸกC โ†’Calcium
๐ŸŸกL โ†’Labile Factor
๐ŸŸกS โ†’Stable Factor
๐ŸŸกA โ†’Anti-hemophilic Factor A
๐ŸŸกC โ†’Christmas Factor
๐ŸŸกS โ†’Stuart-Prower Factor
๐ŸŸกP โ†’ Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
๐ŸŸกH โ†’ Hageman Factor

Formation of Blood Clots (Hemostasis)

๐Ÿ”ต๐Ÿ. ๐ƒ๐š๐ฆ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ ๐๐ฅ๐จ๐จ๐ ๐•๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฅ ๐–๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ

Blood vessel injury leads to the activation of platelets.

Platelets adhere to the damaged site and release clotting factors.

๐Ÿ”ต๐Ÿ. ๐‘๐ž๐ฉ๐š๐ข๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐•๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฅ ๐–๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ

The fibrin network strengthens the clot.

Eventually, the clot is dissolved once healing is complete.

๐‚๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐‘๐ž๐ฅ๐ž๐ฏ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž:

โšซHemophilia: Deficiency of Factor VIII (Hemophilia A) or Factor IX (Hemophilia B).

โšซVitamin K Deficiency: Affects Factors II, VII, IX, and X, leading to prolonged bleeding.

โšซThrombosis: Excessive clotting can lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or stroke.

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