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! "Let's commemorate the bravery and resilience that led to our freedom. Proud to be part of a nation with a rich histo...
13/08/2024

!

"Let's commemorate the bravery and resilience that led to our freedom.
Proud to be part of a nation with a rich history and a promising future.🇵🇰


With Aɭɩ Mʌɭɩĸ – I just got recognised as one of their top fans! 🎉
06/08/2024

With Aɭɩ Mʌɭɩĸ – I just got recognised as one of their top fans! 🎉

🪸 are a group of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known for their ability to form endospores, which are dormant and ...
02/08/2024

🪸 are a group of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known for their ability to form endospores, which are dormant and resistant structures.
Bacillus species are easily recovered on blood and chocolate agars and grow optimally at environmental temperatures (25 to 37°C).
They have both beneficial and pathogenic members, with applications in agriculture, industry, and medicine.

🪸 Location:
They are commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals.

🪸 Colony_Morphology:
All species except B. anthracis are motile and beta-hemolytic on blood agar. Colonies have an irregular perimeter and appear dull gray and opaque on sheep blood agar.

🪸 Case_Study:
A blood sample was drawn from 31 years old male for culture. After 72 hours incubation, Bacillus species were isolated on blood and chocolate agars.

🪸 Historical_Examination:
If a patient has Bacillus species in their blood culture, obtaining a detailed historical examination is crucial for determining the significance of the finding.
The historical examination should include information such as:

1) Clinical Symptoms: Documenting the patient's symptoms, such as fever, chills, weakness, and any signs of infection.
2) Underlying Conditions: Inquiring about the patient's underlying medical conditions, recent surgeries, immunocompromised status, presence of indwelling medical devices (like catheters), or recent antibiotic use.
3) Recent Exposures: Include recent hospitalizations, healthcare procedures, or exposure to contaminated environments.
4) Travel History: Especially to regions with endemic infectious diseases, can aid in assessing the likelihood of a specific infection.

🪸 Cause:
The source of contaminants is usually;
1) The patient’s skin or the hub or cannula of an indwelling catheter (i.e., when an existing catheter is used to obtain the specimen).
2) Frequent causes include poor collection technique.
3) Insufficient skin disinfection.

🪸 Consequences:
1) Include unnecessary antibiotic exposure for possible allergic reactions and Clostridioides difficile infection.
2) Unnecessary removal of intravenous catheters or other devices, an increased length of stay, and increased costs.

🪸 Types:
1) Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a biological pesticide.
2) Bacillus subtilis is used in biotechnology and as a probiotic in animal feed.

In clinical settings, some Bacillus species can cause infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

3) Bacillus cereus, for instance, is known to cause food poisoning.
4) Bacillus anthrax, the causative agent of anthrax, is a highly virulent bacterium and produces toxins that can cause tissue damage, organ failure and in severe cases, death.

🪸 Antibiotics treatment:
(Required if isolated form sterile sites in immunocompromised patients).
Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Clindamycin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Vancomycin, Linezolid.

Microbiology Society
ASCP BOC

🪱 Semen_Analysis_with_Culture 🪱🧫 🦠 is a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While...
27/07/2024

🪱 Semen_Analysis_with_Culture 🪱🧫

🦠 is a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While it is a normal part of the gut flora, certain strains of E. coli can cause infections if they enter other parts of the body, such as the urinary tract or reproductive system.

🦠 Colony_Morphology:
The growth of E. coli on MacConkey agar was indicated by the development of bright pink colored, non-mucoid colonies.

🦠 Infection Caused:
When E. coli is found in semen samples, it is often considered a sign of contamination from the urinary tract or other sources. This presence can indicate a potential infection in the reproductive system, leading to conditions like or .

🦠 Case_Study:
A 34 years old male semen sample was taken for culture. During analysis, almost good Progressive and non-Progressive Motility was seen with rare pus cells in Microscope.

🦠 Sample_Protocol:
Before taking the sample, the patient’s recent history was taken into consideration. The semen sample was taken from the male who did not have any antibiotic intake for at least a week. S***m sample was obtained by ma********on, following a 03 days continence period, into a sterile wide-mouth container. Sample underwent liquefaction at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then, the sample was streaked on Blood Agar, Chocolate Agar and MacConkey plates separately; the plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24–48 hours and observed for the bacterial growth. The isolates obtained were subjected to various tests of identification.

🦠 isolated from semen is uropathogenic (UPEC) and can damage s***m in different ways. E. coli causes 65–80% of bacterial prostatitis cases. Among the several pathogenic strains of E. coli, uropathogens belonging to serotypes O1, O2, O4 and O6 are often involved in infection of the male reproductive tract.
E. coli induces damage to the s***m head and compromises the acrosome, leading to cell death and impaired acrosome reaction.
The role of E. coli in male infertility is widely known.

🦠 Presence:
E. coli bacteria naturally reside in the genito-anal region as part of a person's normal bacterial flora.

🦠 E.coli & Infertility:
E. coli adversely affects the functions of s***m that are essential for fertilization of the o**m to form a zygote. This can include reduced s***m motility as the gametes agglutinate following contact with the sugar residues on the cell surface of these bacteria.

🦠 Biochemicals Identification:
1) TSI: A/A, Gas production (+)
2) SIM: H2S (-), Indole (+), Motility (+)
3) Citrate Utilization: (-)
4) Urease: (-)
5) Oxidase: (-)

🦠 Treatment:
Treatment typically involves antibiotics targeted at the specific bacteria causing the infection.

🦠 Reference Article:
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318399456_Effect_of_Uropathogenic_Escherichia_coli_on_Human_S***m_Function_and_Male_Fertility]

Microbiology World
American Society for Microbiology
American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science

1) 🦠 is causing one of the most common sites of infection of the urinary tract in the adult patient. 2) 🐛 is a type ...
25/07/2024

1) 🦠 is causing one of the most common sites of infection of the urinary tract in the adult patient.

2) 🐛 is a type of bacteria that can cause a range of infections, including UTIs and pneumonia. These infections usually develop in hospital settings.

:
A 31 years old female have moderate pus cells in the urine sample having sign's of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI).

🦠 Historical examination:

Symptoms often include a burning sensation during urination, a more frequent urge to urinate, foul-smelling urine, blood in the urine.
When culture, there were two types of colonies isolated on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar.
1)
2)

🦠 Causes:

1) Citrobacter koseri infection spreads through contaminated water or food. Hygiene also plays a crucial role in its transmission. It rarely is community-acquired and mainly occurs as hospital-acquired infections. Infections caused by C. koseri can lead to various symptoms, including fever, chills, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
2) On the other hand, catheters and tools in medical procedures can transmit Klebsiella pneumoniae into the urinary tract.

🦠 Colony Morphology:

1) On CLED agar, Citrobacter koseri colonies are usually yellow due to lactose fermentation. CLED agar contains lactose and bromothymol blue, a pH indicator that turns yellow in the presence of acid produced by lactose fermentation.
2) Klebsiella colonies appear Large, yellow or yellowish-white. Highly mucoid and elevated.

🦠 Biochemical tests:


1) TSI: A(K)/A, Gas +
2) SIM: H2S(-), Indole(+), Motility(+)
3) Urease: (V)
4) Citrate Utilization: (+)
5) Oxidase: (-)


1) TSI: A/A, Gas (+)
2) SIM: H2S(-), Indole(-), Motility(-)
3) Urease: (+)
4) Citrate Utilization: (+)
5) Oxidase: (-)

🦠 Antimicrobials Treatment:

Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone, Amox-clavulanate, Amp-sulbactam, Pipra-tazobactam, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Cefepime, Cefuroxime, Amikacin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Tetracycline, Tobramycin, Cefiderocol, Ceftazidime-Avibactam, Cefoperazone, Chloramphenicol, Tigecycline, Colistin(MIC).




🦠 : is a bacterium that causes typhoid fever. To culture and grow Salmonella typhi, a selective medium like a MacConkey...
25/07/2024

🦠 : is a bacterium that causes typhoid fever. To culture and grow Salmonella typhi, a selective medium like a MacConkey agar plate is commonly used. MacConkey agar contains bile salts and crystal violet, which inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and allow the growth of Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella.
🦠 Colonial morphology of Salmonella on MacConkey agar:
Showing round, smooth, small, pale yellow colonies and nonlactose fermenter.

:
A growth of is identified in a Blood sample of 11 years old female.
🦠 Historical examination:
High temperature, stomach pain, diarrhoea.
🦠 Causes:
Typhoid fever is highly contagious. An infected person can pass the bacteria out of their body in their poo or, less commonly, in their p*e.
If someone else eats food or drinks water that's been contaminated with a small amount of infected poo or p*e, they can become infected with the bacteria and develop typhoid fever.
🦠 Biochemicals:
1) TSI (Alkaline slant/acidic butt (K/A); Red/Yellow = glucose fermentation only, gas (-), H2S (+)
2) SIM (H2S (+), Indole (-), Motility (+)
3) Urease (-)
4) Citrate Utilization (-)
5) Oxidase (-)
🦠 Antimicrobial treatment:
Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin or Levofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Pefloxacin(if Cipro disk not available).
Note: For Salmonella and Shigella never report 1st- and 2nd-generation cephalosporins, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, and aminoglycosides.




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