10/08/2026
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent or recurrent hyperglycemia resulting from abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Although elevated blood glucose is its most recognizable biochemical feature, diabetes is considerably broader than a disorder of glucose concentration alone.
The diabetic state involves disturbances in:
- glucose uptake and utilization,
- hepatic glucose production,
- glycogen synthesis and breakdown,
- lipid storage and mobilization,
- fatty-acid oxidation,
- amino-acid metabolism,
- pancreatic β-cell function,
- mitochondrial energy metabolism,
- vascular biology,
- renal handling of nutrients,
- inflammatory signaling,
- oxidative stress,
- and hormonal regulation of metabolic flexibility.
From established biomedical science, diabetes therefore represents a disorder of integrated metabolic regulation.
Within CHON Balancing Mitotherapy (CBM), diabetes may additionally be interpreted through the proposed relationships among carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), together with the CBM NH↔OC Energy Toggle.
These CBM concepts constitute an interpretive framework and should not be confused with established biochemical nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, or validated mechanisms of diabetes.
The purpose of this chapter is therefore twofold:
1. to describe the recognized physiology and pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus; and
2. to explore how these processes may be conceptually represented within the CBM framework.
The guiding principle remains:
CBM stands beside biology—not against it.
