Dr Faheem Ahmed

07/05/2026

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠.

What is Breeding in Animal
Production?

Animal Breeding is simply the application of
genetic principles to enhance or improve the
production efficiency in farm animals.

There are two basic systems of breeding. They
include:

•Inbreeding
•Outbreeding

What is Inbreeding?
Inbreeding is the mating of closely related
animals together. It is further classified into
two groups:

•Close breeding
•Line breeding

Close breeding is the mating of sire (father) to
daughters, son to Dam (mother), or full brother
to full sister. Line breeding is the mating of not
too closely related animals together.

What is Outbreeding?

Outbreeding is the mating of unrelated animals
together. Outbreeding is subdivided into:

Outcrossing : This is the mating of
unrelated purebred animals within the
same breed,
Crossbreeding: This is the mating of
animals of different breeds together.

Grading-up : This is the mating of
sires of a given breed to non-descript
females and their offspring.

Many livestock farmers don’t know which
breeding system is the best. In fact, some
farmers just mate their animals, not minding
the breed or family of the animals they are
mating together.

The most common breeding systems are
inbreeding and crossbreeding. I defined
inbreeding earlier as the mating of closely
related animals together while Crossbreeding is
the mating of animals of different breeds
together. If you are mating two animals of the
same breed or the same family together, that is
inbreeding. But did you know that inbreeding is
not advisable for a commercial or profit-
minded livestock farm? Yes! You may want to
ask: why?

Demerits of Inbreeding
The reasons why inbreeding is bad
(disadvantages of inbreeding) are as follow:

1. Adverse effect on the growth rate of
animals: When inbreeding is continuously or
intensely carried out, the growth rate and
mature weight of the offspring (progeny) is
negatively affected. That is, the growth rate
and mature weight would moderately

Keep following Veterinary doctor

18/05/2025

By the 5th to 6th month of pregnancy in cows, the developing calf has grown significantly and now occupies most of the abdominal cavity. At this stage, proper nutrition, rest, and careful management become even more critical. Poor feeding during this time can affect calf development and increase the risk of complications during calving.

Keep following Veterinary doctor

18/05/2025

15/05/2025

𝐑𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 – 𝐀 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐕𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬

Rumen acidosis is a metabolic disorder in cattle, primarily caused by excessive ingestion of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (such as grains), leading to a drop in rumen pH below 5.5. This condition disrupts normal rumen microbial balance and function.

Pathophysiology: When cattle consume large amounts of starch-rich feed, lactic acid-producing bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus bovis, Lactobacillus spp.) proliferate. The accumulation of lactic acid lowers the rumen pH, killing beneficial fiber-digesting microbes and damaging the rumen lining. This causes systemic acid-base imbalance and endotoxemia.

Clinical Signs:

Decreased rumination and appetite

Diarrhea (often with a sour odor)

Dehydration and lethargy

Laminitis (in chronic cases)

Recumbency and death (in severe cases)

Diagnosis:

Rumen fluid analysis (pH

15/05/2025

Drugs of Choice

15/05/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Zeeshan Hyder, Saifullah Shar, Rajab Shar, Raja Afzal Shar, Ali Muhammad Shanbani, K Hussain

11/05/2025

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝐆𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐠𝐠-𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐬 – 𝐀 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰
Recognizing the difference between high-performing (good) and low-performing (poor) egg-laying hens is essential for poultry keepers, especially in commercial and backyard settings. Certain physical and behavioral traits can help determine a hen's laying potential.

1. Characteristics of a Good Egg-Laying Hen:

Wider Pelvic Bones: Good layers have soft, flexible p***c bones with a spacing of about 3-4 fingers. This allows eggs to pass easily.

Long Distance Between Keel Bone and Pelvic Bones: Ideally, 4 or more fingers wide, indicating enough space for internal reproductive structures.

Bright Red Comb and Wattles: These are signs of strong hormonal activity and a healthy reproductive system.

Active Behavior: A good layer is usually alert, energetic, and has a strong appetite.

Soft Abdomen: Indicates an active o***y and egg-laying tract.

2. Characteristics of a Poor Egg-Laying Hen:

Narrow Pelvic Bone Spacing: Only 1-2 fingers apart, making it difficult for eggs to pass.

Short Keel to Pelvic Distance: Indicates a smaller internal cavity and reduced laying ability.

Pale or Shrunken Comb and Wattles: Suggests poor hormone activity and reproductive inactivity.

Lethargic Behavior and Obesity: Overweight hens tend to lay fewer eggs and may face health issues.

Dry or Tight Abdomen: Indicates inactive reproductive function.

Conclusion: By regularly examining the physical structure and behavior of your hens, you can effectively identify which birds are productive and which may need special care or culling. This helps improve flock efficiency, reduce feed waste, and increase egg production.

Keep following Veterinary doctor

11/05/2025

𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬
What’s Right and What’s Wrong?

When it comes to hand milking, the technique you use matters- both for effective milk extraction and for the animal’s teat health.

A. Thumb In
This method puts pressure on the teat canal and can block milk flow. It’s uncomfortable for the animal and may cause injury. Avoid it.

B. Pull Down
Often used to strip or test the milk, but not recommended for full milking. It involves pulling the teat down, which can damage tissue over time.

C. Full Hand Grip
This is the correct method. Use your whole hand in a top-down rolling motion, mimicking a calf’s suckling. It’s safe, efficient, and gentle.

Veterinary Tip:
Always prioritize the animal’s comfort. Proper milking prevents mastitis and improves milk let-down.

Keep following Dr Faheem Ahmed

Dr Faheem Ahmed

10/05/2025

Types of digestive systems
Keep following Dr Faheem Ahmed