07/17/2026
Wildfire Smoke, Climate Change & Children's Health: How to Keep Kids Safe
Wildfires are a threat to homes and communities. They cause stress and harm to those in their path. If you don't live where wildfires are increasingly common, you may not think about how or why they relate to climate change. But the damage from more frequent wildfire smoke still can affect your child's health.
Wildfire smoke can blow thousands of miles away. Previous fires on the West coast, for example, have caused poor air quality days on the East coast. The health effects were felt by children and pregnant women across the country.
Here is the good news: We can take steps to address climate change and reduce wildfires. Our actions also will improve children's health and mental health. Let's explore the connection between wildfires and climate change—and the impact on children now and in the future.
When is wildfire season?
In the United States, wildfire season has become longer. This has quite a bit to do with the conditions that help fires start and stay burning. This, in turn, is connected to the effect of climate change on seasons and weather patterns.
Climate change is causing extreme heat, more drought and less rainfall, as well as longer summers. All of these raise the risk for wildfires. We are seeing:
Larger wildfires
More frequent wildfires
New and different locations at risk from wildfires
What causes wildfires?
Humans are responsible for nearly 85% of wildfires. Causes include unattended campfires, burning debris, equipment fires, discarded ci******es and arson. Human activities also create greenhouse gas emissions and pollution—these play a major role in climate change, as well.
Cutting down on damaging human behaviors can prevent future harm to children from wildfires. For now, families and communities must take action to protect themselves, or adapt, to wildfire risks.
What are the health risks of wildfires for children?
Wildfires burn trees, plants, entire homes and buildings and everything inside them. The smoke from wildfires is more dangerous than particle pollution from other sources (dust, dirt, soot, drops of liquid). It makes the air quality worse far away from the fire, too.
Wildfire smoke causes health problems because it releases:
tiny particles (smoke) in the air that can be inhaled, enter a child's bloodstream, and affect the heart and blood vessels, and
cancer-causing chemicals
Repeated exposure to wildfire smoke affects a child's heart and lung health over their lifetime. Research links it to preterm birth and low birth weight. Wildfire smoke exposure in early childhood may also be linked to chronic lung problems and immune system problems later in life.
Who is at most risk of health effects from wildfires?
All children are at risk of short-term physical health effects from a wildfire event.
They may have:
Chest tightness or pain
Burning sensation of the nose, throat and eyes
Breathing trouble, cough, wheezing or pneumonia
Dizziness, lightheadedness or headaches
Sometimes, children may have physical symptoms linked to their mental health, such as stomachache or headache. Families should watch their children for signs of emotional distress.
Some children are at a higher risk of physical symptoms:
For example, these include:
Infants and young children. Their lungs are still developing. Young children also breathe in more air per minute for their body size and often are more active than adults.
Children with asthma and other lung diseases. They have a higher risk of breathing and other respiratory symptoms because they may experience new wheezing or worsening symptoms.
How can I keep my child safe from wildfire smoke?
Families who live in wildfire zones should have a disaster plan in place to follow before, during and after wildfires.
Here are some of the ways to avoid exposure to poor air quality, smoke and ash from wildfires.
Stay indoors as much as possible.
Clean the air inside using a central system with a MERV 13 filter or higher, or portable air purifier with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. If cost is prohibitive, a "do-it-yourself" purifier can be made with a box fan and HEPA filter from the hardware store.
If you must travel outside, choose a mask or respirator that is fully protective for wildfire smoke events.
Your child's age, ability to wear the mask, health conditions and how well the mask fits are all important to consider. Use the "recirculate air" setting in your car. Keep windows rolled up.
If there is poor air quality from a wildfire during a heat wave, close windows and use air conditioning or fans, or find a local cooling center by contacting your local United Way (dial 2-1-1 or search online).
Check your local Air Quality Index (AQI)
Based on the AQI, adjust your child’s outdoor activities when needed. You can find your local AQI by visiting AirNow.gov or this info is provided in many popular weather apps. Children, especially under the age of 5, are vulnerable to wildfire smoke.
When the air quality is poor due to wildfires, check the daily AQI color:
If it is in the green, it is ok to be outdoors.
If it is yellow, consider limiting time outdoors for young children and children with asthma and consider running an air purifier indoors. This is because emerging evidence shows that wildfire smoke might be more harmful than regular air pollution for young children.
Remember
If you are concerned that your child has symptoms related to wildfires or your family needs more support, talk to your child's pediatrician.
More information
Wildfires Information for Families: What to Know Before, During & After
Wildfires and Mask Use (Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units)
Wildfire Smoke and Health Facts (Environmental Protection Agency)
Stay Safe During a Wildfire (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)