10/14/2026
Freezing a living cell isn't just making it cold.
Water expands when it freezes. Ice that forms inside or around a cell can rupture its membrane.
So labs cool slowly. Slow, controlled cooling pulls water out of the cell before it freezes. Less ice inside. But that creates a second problem. The cell now sits in a concentrated, dehydrating environment as the water around it freezes out.
Every freezing protocol is a balance between those two kinds of damage.
The basic process:
▫️ Cryoprotectant. The cells are suspended in a medium designed to limit ice damage.
▫️ Controlled-rate cooling. Cooled at a defined rate, often in a rate-controlled freezer.
▫️ Long-term storage. Usually vapor-phase liquid nitrogen, where biological activity is effectively suspended.
▫️ Cold-chain shipment. A temperature excursion in transit can reduce post-thaw viability.
▫️ Thaw. Technique and time-to-administration both affect the final viable count.
"Why should I care how my supplier freezes cells?" Because every step is a place cells can be lost. That's why a viability number only means something if it was measured after the full cycle. Freeze, storage, shipment, and thaw.
ATOM products are frozen in a DMSO-free, chemically defined medium and ship overnight under temperature-controlled cold chain. Post-thaw viability is measured on the actual lot after the full freeze-to-thaw cycle, by an independent third-party lab. Not projected from a pre-freeze sample.
The process, step by step: atomstemcells.com/learn/how-stem-cells-are-cryopreserved
For licensed healthcare providers only. ATOM products are not FDA-approved or cleared and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, mitigate, or prevent any disease. Provider-directed use only.