08/31/2026
Several years ago, vaccine expert Paul Offit gave a speech to medical staff at a pediatric hospital, saying some parents choose not to immunize their children against measles because they don’t fear the virus.
“But I fear measles,” said Offit, director of the vaccine education center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, “because I lived through the Philadelphia measles outbreak of 1991.”
In announcing two measles-associated deaths on Tuesday, state health officials noted that those were the first in Pennsylvania in 35 years.
But what happened in 1991 wasn’t just a brush with measles. It was an outbreak that killed nine children, created a panic in Philadelphia and pushed the legal bounds of the decisions that parents could make for their children — resulting in the first and only compulsory vaccinations in U.S. history.
“I would say the biggest takeaway was how scared people were,” said Offit in a phone interview. “You had 1,400 cases and nine deaths.”
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