06/16/2026
The Dunning-Kruger effect reminds us that confidence is not always a sign of competence. Sometimes the more we learn, the more aware we become of complexity, uncertainty, and the limits of what we know.
David Dunning and Justin Kruger published a 1999 paper called “Unskilled and Unaware of It” - their research found that people who performed poorly in areas like humor, logic, and grammar often overestimated their ability, partly because the same skill needed to do something well is often needed to recognize when you are doing it poorly.
Go figure.