10/24/2026
Getting enough protein, pairing it with strength training and fixing low vitamin D are the best supported diet steps for keeping muscle as we age.
Losing muscle with age, called sarcopenia, affects somewhere between 6% and 22% of adults over 65 and is a leading driver of disability. Earlier trials have shown that food can help. A 2018 analysis of 49 trials with 1,863 adults found that adding protein to a strength training program built about 5.5 extra pounds of strength on a one-rep lift and about two thirds of a pound of extra lean mass, with no further gain above about 1.6 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight a day. The PROVIDE trial in 380 older adults who already had sarcopenia found that a whey protein drink with vitamin D, taken twice a day for 13 weeks, added a small amount of muscle and made getting up from a chair about 1 second faster than a placebo drink.
Those studies tested single approaches. A new review has now ranked the whole range of diet strategies for adults 60 and older. The authors searched studies published from 2010 to April 2026 and included 248, among them 100 randomized trials, covering single nutrients, supplement drinks, whole eating patterns and approaches aimed at the gut. Rather than combining results into one number, they graded how confident we can be in each strategy.
1. Protein of at least 1.0 to 1.2 grams per kilogram of body weight a day, rich in the amino acid leucine and paired with resistance training, had moderate to high certainty, the strongest of any strategy.
2. Correcting vitamin D in older adults whose levels were low also reached moderate to high certainty, with the trials pointing to benefit particularly at doses of at least 800 IU a day.
3. Mediterranean style eating reached moderate certainty, mostly from studies that followed people over time, while probiotics and fiber aimed at the gut and muscle link stayed at low to very low certainty.
Taken together, the evidence points toward a simple foundation. For a 70 kg person, about 155 pounds, 1.0 to 1.2 grams per kilogram works out to roughly 70 to 85 grams of protein a day, and that protein does the most good alongside regular strength training. A blood test can show whether vitamin D is running low and worth correcting.
The review ranks how confident we can be in each strategy, not how large the benefit is, so it does not say how much muscle any one step will save. The included studies used different definitions of sarcopenia and measured different outcomes, which the authors name as the main barrier to firmer advice. Much of the support for Mediterranean eating comes from observational studies, which show a link rather than proof.
References
Dharmansyah D et al., Journal of Nutrition, 2026
Morton RW et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018
Bauer JM et al., Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2015