08/06/2026
A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects a person’s emotional state. While everyone experiences natural ups and downs in mood, mood disorders involve emotional changes that are more intense, persistent, and long-lasting - often continuing for several weeks or longer. These ongoing shifts in mood can also impact behaviour, energy levels, and a person’s ability to manage everyday responsibilities such as school, work, and relationships.
There are several different types of mood disorders, each with its own patterns and challenges.
Major Depressive Disorder is characterised by persistent low mood and loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities (called anhedonia). It often affects physical functioning including sleep, appetite, and overall energy levels, making even simple tasks feel overwhelming. It’s so important however to rule out other causes, so a thorough clinical history taking and sometimes blood tests are needed to discern between other health conditions, or to rule out contributing factors to the depression.
Bipolar Mood Disorder involves significant shifts between emotional highs and lows. There are various forms of this condition, and the patterns can often be much more subtle than portrayed online or in media. During manic phases, a person may feel overly energised, impulsive, or “wired,” or have symptoms of psychosis. However they may also be describing their symptoms as anxiety or restlessness when actually there are hypomanic symptoms. Depressive phases can bring deep sadness, fatigue, and withdrawal. These mood changes can also affect thinking, sleep, and behaviour. We do also see mixed episodes where sometimes there’s a combination of manic and depressive symptoms, which can often look like depression with anxious distress. This is why a long clinical history taking appointment is needed when it comes to mental health assistance.
Cyclothymic Disorder can look similar, but the intensity of the It involves ongoing fluctuations between low-level depressive symptoms and periods of elevated mood (hypomania), though the symptoms are less severe than in bipolar disorder and don’t meet criteria for bipolar mood disorder.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) is a long-term form of depression where symptoms are less intense but more chronic. Individuals may experience ongoing feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, reduced motivation, and a general sense of inadequacy that can last.
Substance or Medication-Induced Depression refers to depressive symptoms that develop during or after substance use, withdrawal, or exposure to certain medications.
Mood disorders can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, but with appropriate support and treatment, many individuals are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives in all areas.
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