23/07/2026
A mammogram is a low-dose X-ray of the breast used to look for signs of breast cancer and other breast changes. It can detect abnormalities before they can be felt as a lump.
During the exam, the radiologist looks for things such as:
Masses or lumps: These may be benign (noncancerous), such as cysts or fibroadenomas, or they may be suspicious for cancer.
Calcifications: Tiny calcium deposits in the breast. Most are harmless, but certain patterns of very small, clustered calcifications can be an early sign of breast cancer.
Changes in breast tissue: Areas of distortion, thickening, or asymmetry that weren't present on previous mammograms.
Signs of early breast cancer: Mammograms can often detect cancers when they are very small, before symptoms develop.
There are two main types:
Screening mammogram: Performed routinely in people without breast symptoms to look for early cancer.
Diagnostic mammogram: Done when there is a breast symptom (such as a lump, ni**le discharge, or pain) or to investigate an abnormal screening mammogram. It includes additional views focused on the area of concern.
After the mammogram, the results are usually reported using the BI-RADS system, which ranges from:
0: More imaging needed.
1: Normal.
2: Benign (noncancerous) finding.
3: Probably benign; short-term follow-up recommended.
4: Suspicious; biopsy may be recommended.
5: Highly suggestive of cancer.
6: Known biopsy-proven cancer.
It's important to remember that most abnormal mammograms do not turn out to be cancer. Many findings are caused by benign conditions, but additional imaging (such as an ultrasound or diagnostic mammogram) or, less commonly, a biopsy may be needed to determine what the abnormality is.