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Kabelenga Family Hospital, 2404 Kabelenga Road, Lusaka (2026)

02/10/2026

CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION (CME)

Topic: STROKE
This week’s CME session on Stroke brought together healthcare teams from Leopards Hill Medical Center, Kabelenga Family Hospital, Lilayi Family Clinic, and Halfway Family Hospital.
STROKE

1.DEFINITION
Stroke is a sudden neurological deficit caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain or bleeding within/around the brain, resulting in brain injury.

2.CAUSES / RISK FACTORS
Major causes
Ischaemia: thrombus or embolus blocking a cerebral artery
Haemorrhage: rupture of a cerebral blood vessel
Important risk factors
Hypertension *
Diabetes mellitus
Dyslipidaemia
Atrial fibrillation
Smoking
Obesity & physical inactivity
Previous TIA/stroke
Carotid artery disease
Excessive alcohol use
3. CLASSIFICATION
A. Ischaemic stroke — ~80–85%
Thrombotic
Embolic
Small-vessel/lacunar
B. Haemorrhagic stroke
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH)
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)
TIA: transient neurological dysfunction due to focal brain/retinal ischaemia without acute infarction.

4. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Think BE-FAST:
B – Balance: sudden loss of balance/coordination
E – Eyes: sudden visual disturbance
F – Face: facial drooping
A – Arm: sudden weakness/numbness, especially one-sided
S – Speech: slurred or difficulty speaking/understanding
T – Time: call emergency services immediately
Other features:
Sudden severe headache
Dizziness/vertigo
Difficulty swallowing
Confusion
Loss of consciousness
Seizures, particularly with haemorrhagic stroke
5. INVESTIGATIONS
Immediate
Non-contrast CT brain rapidly distinguishes haemorrhage from most ischaemic strokes
Blood glucose exclude hypoglycaemia, a major stroke mimic
Vital signs + neurological assessment/NIHSS
Additional
FBC, electrolytes, urea/creatinine
PT/INR, aPTT
ECG ± cardiac monitoring
Troponin where indicated
Lipid profile & HbA1c
CT/MR angiography when indicated
Carotid imaging
Echocardiography when a cardioembolic source is suspected

6. MANAGEMENT
•Ischaemic Stroke
Stabilize ABC, oxygen only if hypoxic
Check and correct hypoglycaemia
IV thrombolysis in eligible patients within the appropriate treatment window
Mechanical thrombectomy for selected patients with large-vessel occlusion, often up to 24 hours in appropriately selected cases
Antiplatelet therapy when appropriate and after excluding haemorrhage
Treat fever, glucose abnormalities and complications
Early rehabilitation
•Haemorrhagic Stroke
ABC stabilization
Careful blood-pressure management
Reverse anticoagulation when applicable
Neurosurgical/neurocritical care assessment
Manage raised intracranial pressure
Treat seizures when indicated
Early rehabilitation

⚠️ Do NOT give aspirin or anticoagulation until intracranial haemorrhage has been excluded.

23/09/2026

CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION (CME)

Topic: Acute abdomen
This week’s CME session on Acute abdomen brought together healthcare teams from Leopards Hill Medical Center, Kabelenga Family Hospital, Lilayi Family Clinic, and Halfway Family Hospital.

What is an acute abdomen?

Acute abdomen refers to sudden or severe abdominal pain that may indicate an underlying condition requiring urgent medical assessment and sometimes emergency surgery.

⚠️ Common symptoms

* Sudden or severe abdominal pain
* Increasing or persistent pain
* Abdominal tenderness or rigidity
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal distension
* Fever
* Inability to pass stool or gas
* Blood in vomit or stool
* Dizziness, fainting or severe weakness

🔍 Possible causes

Acute abdomen can be caused by conditions such as:

* Acute appendicitis
* Perforated peptic ulcer
* Bowel obstruction
* Acute cholecystitis
* Acute pancreatitis
* Peritonitis
* Intestinal perforation
* Internal bleeding
* Gynaecological emergencies, including ectopic pregnancy or ovarian torsion

🩺 How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Management may include:

* Clinical assessment and monitoring
* Blood tests and imaging such as ultrasound or CT when indicated
* IV fluids and correction of electrolyte abnormalities
* Pain relief and antiemetics
* Antibiotics when infection is suspected or confirmed
* Bowel rest and other supportive measures
* Urgent surgical intervention when indicated, such as for perforation, obstruction, uncontrolled bleeding or certain inflammatory conditions

⚠️ Possible complications

If treatment is delayed, acute abdomen can lead to:

* Peritonitis and sepsis
* Dehydration and electrolyte disturbances
* Bowel perforation
* Tissue death (ischaemia)
* Severe internal bleeding
* Organ failure
* Death

🚑 WHEN SHOULD YOU SEEK HELP?

Severe, sudden or worsening abdominal pain should not be ignored. Seek urgent medical assessment, particularly if accompanied by persistent vomiting, fever, abdominal swelling, fainting, blood loss or a rigid abdomen.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can prevent serious complications.

16/09/2026

CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION (CME)

Topic: PRE-ECLAMPSIA
This week’s CME session on Pre-eclampsia brought together healthcare teams from Leopards Hill Medical Center, Kabelenga Family Hospital, Lilayi Family Clinic, and Halfway Family Hospital.

Know the signs. Detect it early. Save two lives.

DEFINITION

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder occurring after 20 weeks of pregnancy, characterized by new-onset hypertension, usually associated with proteinuria and/or maternal organ7 dysfunction.

It may occur without obvious symptoms, making antenatal screening essential.

CLASSIFICATION BY SEVERITY

MILD PRE-ECLAMPSIA

- BP: 140–159 / 90–109 mmHg
- Proteinuria (300 mg/L or 1 to 2+ on dipstick)
- HTN resolves by 6 wks + postnatal
- No severe features or significant organ dysfunction

MODERATE PRE-ECLAMPSIA

- Increasing/persistent hypertension
- Increasing proteinuria or emerging clinical/laboratory abnormalities7
- No criteria for severe disease

Mild/moderate terminology varies between guidelines. Modern guidelines increasingly classify pre-eclampsia as with or without severe features.»

SEVERE PRE-ECLAMPSIA

Features may include:

- BP ≥160/110 mmHg
- With proteinuria: 5 g/L or 3 to 4+ on dipstick;
- With or without the following:

• Severe/persistent headache or visual disturbance
- Severe RUQ/epigastric pain or liver dysfunction
- Low platelet count
- Renal impairment
- Pulmonary oedema
- Significant fetal growth restriction/fetal compromise

ECLAMPSIA

Pre-eclampsia complicated by seizures that are not explained by another cause.

CAUSES & RISK/PREDISPOSING FACTORS

The exact cause is not fully understood. Abnormal placental development and maternal vascular dysfunction are central factors.

Risk factors include:

- Previous pre-eclampsia6
- Multiple pregnancy (twins/triplets)
- First pregnancy
- Chronic hypertension
- Diabetes
- Kidney disease
- Autoimmune disease
- Obesity
- Family history of pre-eclampsia
- Maternal age ≥35 years
- Assisted reproductive technology

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Pre-eclampsia can be silent.

Possible warning signs:

- High blood pressure
- Severe/persistent headache
- Blurred vision or seeing spots
- Sudden swelling of face/hands
- Upper abdominal/RUQ pain
- Nausea or vomiting
- Shortness of breath6
- Reduced urine output
- Sudden rapid weight gain

Seizures = emergency.

INVESTIGATIONS
Mother

- Repeated BP measurements
- Urine protein assessment
- Full blood count & platelets
- Liver function tests
- Renal function/serum creatinine
- Assessment for severe features

Baby

- Ultrasound for fetal growth
- Amniotic fluid assessment
- CTG/non-stress testing when indicated
- Doppler studies when indicated

MANAGEMENT

Management depends on severity, gestational age and maternal/fetal condition.

● Without severe features
- Close maternal monitoring
- Regular BP and laboratory assessment
- Fetal surveillance
- Antihypertensive therapy when indicated
- Plan delivery at the appropriate gestational age

● With severe features

- Hospital admission
- Prompt treatment of severe hypertension
- Magnesium sulfate for seizure prevention when indicated
- Corticosteroids if preterm delivery is anticipated
- Close maternal and fetal monitoring
- Delivery when indicated

# # Delivery of the placenta is the definitive treatment, although hypertension and complications may persist after delivery.

COMPLICATIONS
Mother
Eclampsia
- HELLP syndrome
- Stroke
- Pulmonary oedema
- Acute kidney/liver injury
- Placental abruption
- Maternal death
Baby
- Fetal growth restriction
- Prematurity
- Reduced oxygen supply
- Stillbirth
- Neonatal complications
PREVENTION & RISK REDUCTION

Pre-eclampsia cannot always be prevented, but risk may be reduced through:

Early and regular antenatal care
Regular BP monitoring
Early identification of high-risk pregnancies
Low-dose aspirin for selected high-risk women, as prescribed
Calcium supplementation where dietary calcium intake is low
Good control of hypertension and diabetes
Healthy diet, appropriate physical activity and healthy weight

11/09/2026

CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION (CME)

This week the CME session was on Seizures from all our facilities ;
Leopards hill medical center, kabelenga family hospital, Lilayi family clinic and Halfway family hospital

DEFINITION
A seizure is a sudden, temporary episode caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in changes in consciousness, movement, sensation or behaviour.

Seizure ≠ Epilepsy: A seizure can occur from an acute illness or trigger, while epilepsy is a disorder characterized by a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures.
2. CLASSIFICATION
•Focal seizures
Start in one area of the brain
May cause abnormal movements, sensations, behaviour or awareness
Can progress to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures

•Generalized seizures
Involve both sides of the brain from onset
Tonic-clonic: stiffening → jerking → loss of consciousness
Absence: brief staring/loss of awareness
Myoclonic: sudden muscle jerks
Atonic: sudden loss of muscle tone
3. CAUSES & RISK FACTORS
Structural: head injury, stroke, brain tumour
Infections: meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral malaria, neurocysticercosis
Metabolic: hypoglycaemia, electrolyte abnormalities, hypoxia
Drugs/toxins: intoxication or withdrawal
Genetic/epilepsy syndromes

Triggers: fever, sleep deprivation, alcohol, missed medication

4. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
During:
Loss of consciousness or awareness
Stiffening and/or jerking
Staring
Abnormal sensations or behaviour
Tongue biting
Urinary incontinence
After (postictal):
Confusion
Drowsiness
Headache
Muscle aches
Temporary weakness

5. DIAGNOSIS
Primarily clinical.
Ask about:
What happened before, during and after the event?
Duration
Previous episodes
Fever/infection
Trauma
Drugs/alcohol
Medication adherence
Witness history or video can be very helpful.

6. INVESTIGATIONS
Blood: glucose, electrolytes, calcium, magnesium, FBC, renal/liver function ± toxicology
EEG: supports diagnosis and helps classify seizures
CT/MRI brain: look for structural causes
Lumbar puncture: if CNS infection is suspected

7. MANAGEMENT
During a seizure:
Protect from injury
Clear surrounding objects
Cushion the head
Turn onto the side when appropriate
Time the seizure
Do NOT restrain the patient
Do NOT put anything in the mouth
Do NOT give food, water or oral medication during the seizure
If prolonged/recurrent: 🚨 Treat as an emergency, particularly a convulsive seizure lasting ≥5 minutes.
ABCDE assessment
Check blood glucose
Oxygen/supportive care as indicated
Benzodiazepine first-line according to local protocol
If persistent → second-line anti-seizure medication and urgent senior/critical-care management
Treat the underlying cause

🚨 RED FLAGS
Seek emergency medical care for:
First-ever seizure
Seizure lasting ≥5 minutes
Repeated seizures without recovery
Pregnancy/postpartum
Significant head injury
Fever + altered consciousness
Persistent neurological deficit
Breathing difficulties

31/08/2026

🤔 DID YOU KNOW?

That you can access affordable, and reliable healthcare right here in Lusaka anytime, day or night?

At Halfway Family Hospital, we offer comprehensive medical coverage designed to give you and your loved ones the peace of mind you deserve. Whether it's a routine check-up or urgent care, we've got you covered 24/7.

Yes, you read that right!
✅ Wide range of benefits
✅ Quality healthcare
✅ Affordable & reliable

Terms and Conditions Apply.

18/08/2026

CONGRATULATIONS, YOUR EXCELLENCY

PRESIDENT HAKAINDE HICHILEMA
On your re-election as President of the Republic of Zambia.

May your renewed mandate bring continued peace, unity, development, and prosperity to the people of Zambia.

We wish you wisdom, strength, good health, and continued success as you lead and serve our great nation.

Congratulations, Your Excellency, and God Bless Zambia. 🇿🇲

17/08/2026

YOU CAN BE COVERED FOR ALL YOUR HEALTH NEEDS!

Your health matters, and having the right healthcare coverage can give you and your family greater peace of mind.

At Kabelenga Family Hospital, we accept a wide range of insurance partners, helping make Good healthcare more accessible and affordable for you and your loved ones.

From consultations and medical care to diagnostic services and other essential healthcare needs, your insurance can help you access the care you need when you need it.

✅ Protect your health
✅ Take care of your family
✅ Know your insurance benefits
✅ Access quality healthcare with confidence

Don’t wait until it’s an emergency. Stay informed, stay covered, and prioritize your family’s health.

04/08/2026

🎉 STAFF PROMOTION ANNOUNCEMENT 🎉

We are proud to announce the promotion of Gracia Ngongo to the position of Group Human Resources Officer.

This well-deserved achievement reflects her dedication, professionalism, and unwavering commitment to excellence. Her hard work and passion have made a significant contribution to our organization, and we are confident she will continue to inspire and lead with integrity in her new role.

Congratulations, Gracia, on this remarkable milestone. We wish you continued success as you take on this exciting new chapter.

Together, we grow. Together, we excel.

Lilayi Family Clinic Halfwayfamilyhospital hill medical centre

01/08/2026

🌍 World Breastfeeding Week!

Breastfeeding gives every baby the healthiest start in life. It strengthens the immune system, supports healthy growth, and creates a lifelong bond between mother and child.

This World Breastfeeding Week, let's support, encourage, and empower every mother on her breastfeeding journey.

🤱 Healthy Babies. Strong Families. Better Future.

Leopards Hill Medical Centre
"Healthy Family, Healthy Nation"

Kabelenga Family Hospital

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