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Nurses Zone Documentary, Ndola (2026)

10/06/2026

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)

By Chipo James Mainda

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition that develops in a fetus (developing baby) when a pregnant person drinks alcohol during pregnancy. A syndrome is a group of symptoms that happen together as the result of a particular disease or abnormal condition.

When someone has fetal alcohol syndrome, they’re at the most severe end of what are known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs).

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a life-long condition that can’t be cured. This condition can be prevented if you don’t drink any alcohol during pregnancy. It’s possible that even small amounts of alcohol consumed during pregnancy can damage your developing fetus.

Fetal alcohol syndrome happens when a person drinks any alcohol during pregnancy, including wine, beer, hard ciders and “hard liquor”. Without alcohol use, FAS doesn’t happen.

One reason alcohol is dangerous during pregnancy is that it’s passed through your bloodstream to the fetus through the umbilical cord. The baby doesn’t metabolize (break down) alcohol in the same way an adult does – it stays in the body for a longer period of time.

Alcohol can interfere with the normal development of the fetus, particularly the brain and central nervous system. This occurs in any of the following ways:

* Alcohol can kill cells in different parts of the fetus, causing abnormal physical development.
* Alcohol interferes with the way nerve cells develop, how they travel to form different parts of the brain and their functioning.
* Alcohol constricts blood vessels, which slows blood flow to the placenta (food supply while in the uterus). This causes a shortage of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
* Toxic byproducts are produced when the body processes alcohol. These can then concentrate in the baby’s brain cells and cause damage.

Damage from alcohol can happen at any point during pregnancy. The beginning of fetal development is the most important for the whole body, but organs like the brain continue to develop throughout pregnancy.

It’s impossible to exactly pinpoint all of the development during pregnancy, making it risky to drink alcohol at any time prior to birth.

It’s also recommended that you avoid beverages containing alcohol when you’re trying to become pregnant. Many people don’t know they’re pregnant for the first few weeks of pregnancy (four to six weeks).

This is because it takes time for your body to build up enough hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that develops in early pregnancy) to be detected on a pregnancy test.

During those early weeks of pregnancy, the fetus is going through a massive surge of development. Alcohol use during this time could negatively impact the baby.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

08/06/2026

We offer online lessons in the following programs:
👉BScN
👉Critical Care Nursing
👉RN Diploma

06/06/2026

PARASITIC TWIN

By Mr. Mainda

A parasitic twin is an extremely rare condition where an incompletely developed fetus is attached to its fully formed twin.

The functional twin is called the autosite, and the non-viable, underdeveloped twin is the parasite. The parasite relies entirely on the autosite's organs for survival.

It occurs when identical twin embryos do not completely separate in the uterus. One twin develops dominant features, while the other stops growing.

The parasitic twin lacks a functioning brain or vital organs, but often retains partial limbs, bones, or tissue that attach to the autosite.

The autosite is mostly healthy but is burdened with carrying the extra tissue, which can cause severe strain on their cardiovascular system or carry risks of infection.

Fetus in fetu is an extremely rare congenital anomaly where a malformed, parasitic twin is enveloped inside the body of its normally developing sibling.

Occurring in about 1 in 500,000 live births, it usually presents as a benign, encapsulated abdominal mass during infancy.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

05/06/2026

ROLES OF A NURSE

By Chipo James Mainda

Nurses serve their communities in many ways and have essential roles in healthcare. Nurses promote healthy lifestyles, advocate for patients, provide health education, and directly care for many patients. The exact functions of nurses have changed somewhat over the years; however, their importance in healthcare remains evident.

✓ Patient care

The primary role of a nurse is to be a caregiver for patients by managing physical needs, preventing illness, and treating health conditions. To do this, nurses must observe and monitor the patient and record any relevant information to aid in treatment decision-making processes.

✓Advocator

A nurse often serves as a patient advocate in protecting a patient's medical, legal, and human rights. Since many sick patients may be unable to comprehend medical situations and act accordingly, it is often the nurse's role to support the patient. In order to be a client advocate, listening, and placing yourself in the shoes of the patient will enable you to know what it feels like and react with the situation.

This may involve representing the patient's best interests, especially when treatment decisions are being made. Furthermore, nurses will often inform and support patients when they have questions or are apprehensive about treatments, procedures, or any other aspect of their care. Nurses may also make suggestions for patients' treatment plans in collaboration with the patient, their families, and other health professionals.

✓ Planning of care

A nurse is directly involved in the decision-making process of treating patients. Thus, it is essential that nurses think critically when asses sing patient signs and identify potential problems to make the appropriate recommendations.

✓ Educator

Nurses are also responsible for ensuring that patients can understand their health, illnesses, medications, and treatments to the best of their ability. This is particularly important when patients are discharged from the hospital and are responsible for continuing their treatments at home.

A nurse should take the time to explain to the patient and their family or caregiver what to do and expect when they leave the hospital or medical clinic. Nurses should also ensure that the patient feels supported and knows where to seek additional information if needed.

✓Counselor

Being a counselor means that the nurse helps the client to develop coping mechanisms that are healthy enough. Since each client faces different degrees of stress, the nurse must be able to facilitate the recognition of the patient to cope with the challenge of certain alterations in the daily living brought about by health-related problems. The role encompasses emotional, intellectual, and psychological support.

✓ Change Agent

The nurse catalyzes the change that is needed for the patient’s improvement. Using the nursing process, the nurse will identify first the problem areas and develop a plan of action in order for the patient to change his mind and eventually change his behavior. Being a change agent means that the nurse will help the patient to get out of the usual scenario, identify the need for the change and implement the changes, and getting accustomed to these changes.

✓ Leader

As a nurse, he or she must be able to be an inch or a foot farther than other personnel. It means that he or she must have a wider view of the situation and create goals and objectives that were attainable for the group. Leading as a nurse means that you can influence others to be together in the same goal or objective.

✓ Researcher

The work of a nurse involves changes in nursing care. This change can only be known for using research. Scientifically, a nurse can function as a researcher in order to improve their practice as well as give patient outcomes a better picture.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

04/06/2026

Move to the next station please

04/06/2026

EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION

By Chipo James Mainda

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is a World Health Organization (WHO) program with the goal to make vaccines available to all children throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in May 1974 with the objective to vaccinate children throughout the world.

In 1984, the WHO established a standardized vaccination schedule for the original Expanded Program on Immunization vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT), oral polio and measles.

Increased knowledge of the immunologic factors of disease led to new vaccines being developed and added to the Expanded Program on Immunization’s list of recommended vaccines.

Zambia adopted the goal of universal childhood immunization (UCI), meaning that all children aged from 0-5 years must receive BCG, Measles, OPV, IPV, DPT-HepB-Hib, PCV and Rota vaccines according to the schedule or soon thereafter.

* Immunization, is the process of protecting a person against a disease by introduction of a suitable antigen in the host’s body.
* A vaccine, is a suspension of micro-organisms which are either killed or attenuated (this is prepared from living organisms which through long cultivation have lost their virulence) used to protect against disease.
* Vaccination, this is the inoculation with the vaccine in order to protect against a disease.

Guidelines of child immunization:
* Immunization should not be given at a younger age than that indicated on the schedule.
* Vaccines which require repeat immunization should not be given at shorter intervals than indicated on the schedule.
* Immunization should not be given if a child is acutely unwell with fever.
* All infants should be immunized. No child should be refused to receive vaccine except in person with impaired immunity, symptomatic HIV infection or known allergy to vaccine component.

Target groups for vaccination;
* Children under five years
* School aged children
* Pregnant women
* Women of child bearing age
* Special at risk groups such as travelers

Importance of vaccination include:
* Protection of children against preventable diseases.
* Protect the children from serious illness and complications.
* To boost the child’s immunity.
* Helps to prevent diseases during outbreaks of certain disease.
* Vaccination also helps to protect the pregnant woman and her developing fetus from having certain diseases.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

03/06/2026

ALLERGIES

By Chipo James Mainda

Allergies are your body’s reaction to a foreign protein. Usually, these proteins called allergens are harmless. However, if you have an allergy to a particular protein, your body’s defense system (immune system) overreacts to its presence in your body. In most cases, people with allergies develop mild to moderate symptoms, such as watery eyes, a runny nose or a rash.

But sometimes, exposure to an allergen can cause a life-threatening allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis . This severe reaction happens when an over-release of chemicals puts the person into shock. Allergies to food, insect stings, medications and latex are most frequently associated with anaphylaxis.

The most common allergies include:

✓ Certain foods

Food allergies develop when your body releases a specific antibody to a particular food. An allergic reaction occurs within minutes of eating the food, and symptoms can be severe. Symptoms may include:
* Itching all over your body (generalized pruritus).
* Itching in just one certain part of your body (localized pruritus).
* Nausea and vomiting
* Hives
* Swelling around your mouth, including your throat, tongue or face.

✓Inhalants

Inhalant allergies are airborne substances that you inhale (breathe in). They include allergens that may affect you throughout the year (perennial allergens) and seasonal allergens. Inhalant allergy symptoms include:
* Runny nose
* Stuffy nose
* Itchy nose
* Sneezing
* Itchy eyes
* Watery eyes.
If you have asthma, inhalant allergies can also trigger or worsen your symptoms, including wheezing and shortness of breath.

✓Medications

Certain medications can cause an allergic reaction. The medicines may be herbal, over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription. Symptoms include:
* Rash
* Hives
* Itching
* Shortness of breath
* Swelling

✓Venoms/stinging insects

Stinging insects can inject venom, which is a toxic substance. The venom in insect stings can cause an allergic reaction. The most common stinging insects that cause allergic reactions include bees etc. Venom symptoms are consistent with anaphylaxis. They may include:
* Difficulty breathing
* Hives
* Swelling in your face, mouth or throat

Avoiding allergens is an important treatment approach. However, it often doesn’t completely end allergic reactions. Over-the-counter and prescription allergy medications are also a solution to managing your allergies. These may include:
* Antihistamines
* Nasal sprays
* Decongestants
* Asthma medications
* Immunotherapy

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

02/06/2026

HERPES ZOSTER

By Chipo James Mainda

Herpes zoster also called shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Shingles can occur anywhere on the body. It typically looks like a single stripe of blisters that wraps around the left side or the right side of the torso.

A person with shingles can pass the varicella-zoster virus to anyone who isn't immune to chickenpox. This usually occurs through direct contact with the open sores of the shingles rash. Once infected, though, the person will develop chickenpox rather than shingles.

Anyone who has ever had chickenpox can develop shingles. Factors that may increase your risk of developing shingles include:
* Age. Shingles typically occurs in people older than 50.
* Diseases that weaken your immune system, such as HIV/AIDS and cancer.
* Cancer treatment
* Some medication like NSAIDs, Etc

Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Anyone who's had chickenpox may develop shingles. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus doesn't leave the body instead it enters your spinal nerve root called the dorsal root ganglion and stays inactive for years.

For the majority of people, the virus stays there quietly and doesn't cause problems.
But sometimes the virus reactivates (due to lowered immunity such as in HIV) and travels from the spinal nerve root along nerve pathways to your skin, this time, the varicella-zoster virus makes its second appearance in the form of shingles. But not everyone who's had chickenpox will develop shingles.

Early treatment may shorten a shingles infection and lessen the chance of complications. The most common complication is postherpetic neuralgia. This is a painful condition that causes shingles pain for a long time after your blisters have cleared.

Shingles symptoms usually affect only a small section on one side of the body. These symptoms may include:
* Pain, burning or tingling
* Sensitivity to touch
* A red rash that begins a few days after the pain
* Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
* Itching

Pain is usually the first symptom of shingles. For some people, the pain can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for problems with the heart, lungs or kidneys. Some people experience shingles pain without ever developing the rash.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901

01/06/2026

What is your diagnosis?

01/06/2026

UVEITIS

By Chipo James Mainda

Uveitis is a general term used to describe inflammation of the uvea, the eye’s middle layer, characterized by red eyes, eye pain. Treatments can restore lost vision and prevent further vision loss. Certain types of uveitis can return after treatment. Untreated uveitis can lead to blindness.

An estimated one in three uveitis cases have no known cause. People who smoke are more prone to uveitis. Eye inflammation may also result from:
* Eye injury
* Eye surgery
* Infections, such as the herpes virus, chicken pox virus, TB, syphilis
* Inflammatory diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

Healthcare providers typically classify uveitis based on where the eye inflammation occurs. Types of uveitis include:
* Anterior uveitis
* Posterior uveitis
* Intermediate uveitis
* Panuveitis

• Anterior uveitis
The most common type, anterior uveitis causes inflammation in the front of the eye between the cornea and the iris or ciliary body. It is also called iritis. Symptoms may appear suddenly and can occasionally resolve on their own if they are mild. Some people have chronic, recurring eye inflammation that goes away with treatment and then comes back.

• Posterior uveitis
The least common form, posterior uveitis affects the back of the eye (retina). It is often also the most severe. It can affect the retina, optic nerve and choroid. The choroid contains blood vessels that supply blood to the retina. It’s sometimes called choroiditis or chorioretinitis. This type can cause recurrent symptoms that last months or years.

• Intermediate uveitis
This often affect the area behind the ciliary body called vitreous, the fluid-filled space inside the eye and retina. Symptoms may improve, go away and then come back and get worse.

• Panuveitis
Pauveitis occurs when all layers of the uvea are inflamed, from the front to the back of the eye. This type is more severe and raises the chances of permanent vision loss.

Uveitis symptoms may come on gradually or suddenly. The patient may experience:
* Blurred vision
* Dark, floating shapes in the field of vision (eye floaters)
* Eye pain or pressure
* Light sensitivity
* Red eyes
* Vision loss

Depending on the disease type, treatments include:
* Antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals
* Eye drops
* NSAIDs

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

Nurses Zone Documentary

10/06/2026

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Monday	08:00 - 21:00
Tuesday	08:00 - 21:00
Wednesday	08:00 - 21:00
Thursday	08:00 - 21:00
Friday	08:00 - 17:00
Saturday	00:00 - 21:00
Sunday	08:00 - 21:00