21/08/2026
Here is one of my favourite papers on critical thinking. It brings together evidence from hundreds of studies and features a collection of practical activities that you can use to help students question assumptions, evaluate evidence, consider alternatives, and justify their conclusions.
These include:
1. Teacher questioning that moves beyond recall: What evidence supports this? What assumptions are being made? Is there another explanation?
2. Whole-class and small-group discussions in which students explain, challenge, and revise ideas.
3. Authentic problems connected to situations students recognize from life beyond school.
4. Case studies, simulations, ethical dilemmas, debates, and role-playing activities.
5. Applied problem-solving that requires students to use knowledge rather than simply repeat it.
6. Mentoring and coaching in which teachers model good reasoning, identify weaknesses, and provide feedback.
The central message is simple: critical thinking can be taught, but telling students to “think critically” will not make it happen. Students need repeated opportunities to practise interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, explanation, and self-correction.
One of the paper’s strongest findings is that these strategies work particularly well when combined. Give students a meaningful problem, create space for genuine dialogue, and support them with careful questioning and feedback. The problem gives them a reason to think, dialogue exposes them to different perspectives, and mentoring helps them improve the quality of their reasoning.
The paper also found positive effects across educational levels and subject areas. Critical thinking does not belong to one course or discipline. It can be developed through science investigations, historical sources, literary interpretation, mathematical reasoning, media analysis, and everyday classroom decisions.
This is why critical thinking must be designed into instruction. It does not develop automatically through content exposure. We have to create the conditions in which students are expected—and supported—to question, reason, explain, reconsider, and revise their own initial judgments.
Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Waddington, D. I., Wade, C. A., & Persson, T. (2015). Strategies for teaching students to think critically: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 85 (2), 275–314. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314551063